//! Illustrates how "reflection" works in Bevy.
//!
//! Reflection provides a way to dynamically interact with Rust types, such as accessing fields
//! by their string name. Reflection is a core part of Bevy and enables a number of interesting
//! features (like scenes).

use bevy::{
    prelude::*,
    reflect::{
        serde::{ReflectDeserializer, ReflectSerializer},
        structs::DynamicStruct,
        PartialReflect,
    },
};
use serde::de::DeserializeSeed;

fn main() {
    App::new()
        .add_plugins(DefaultPlugins)
        .add_systems(Startup, setup)
        .run();
}

/// Deriving `Reflect` implements the relevant reflection traits. In this case, it implements the
/// `Reflect` trait and the `Struct` trait `derive(Reflect)` assumes that all fields also implement
/// Reflect.
///
/// All fields in a reflected item will need to be `Reflect` as well. You can opt a field out of
/// reflection by using the `#[reflect(ignore)]` attribute.
/// If you choose to ignore a field, you need to let the automatically-derived `FromReflect` implementation
/// how to handle the field.
/// To do this, you can either define a `#[reflect(default = "...")]` attribute on the ignored field, or
/// opt-out of `FromReflect`'s auto-derive using the `#[reflect(from_reflect = false)]` attribute.
#[derive(Reflect)]
#[reflect(from_reflect = false)]
pub struct Foo {
    a: usize,
    nested: Bar,
    #[reflect(ignore)]
    _ignored: NonReflectedValue,
}

/// This `Bar` type is used in the `nested` field of the `Foo` type. We must derive `Reflect` here
/// too (or ignore it)
#[derive(Reflect)]
pub struct Bar {
    b: usize,
}

#[derive(Default)]
struct NonReflectedValue {
    _a: usize,
}

fn setup(type_registry: Res<AppTypeRegistry>) {
    let mut value = Foo {
        a: 1,
        _ignored: NonReflectedValue { _a: 10 },
        nested: Bar { b: 8 },
    };

    // You can set field values like this. The type must match exactly or this will fail.
    *value.get_field_mut("a").unwrap() = 2usize;
    assert_eq!(value.a, 2);
    assert_eq!(*value.get_field::<usize>("a").unwrap(), 2);

    // You can also get the `&dyn PartialReflect` value of a field like this
    let field = value.field("a").unwrap();

    // But values introspected via `PartialReflect` will not return `dyn Reflect` trait objects
    // (even if the containing type does implement `Reflect`), so we need to convert them:
    let fully_reflected_field = field.try_as_reflect().unwrap();

    // Now, you can downcast your `Reflect` value like this:
    assert_eq!(*fully_reflected_field.downcast_ref::<usize>().unwrap(), 2);

    // For this specific case, we also support the shortcut `try_downcast_ref`:
    assert_eq!(*field.try_downcast_ref::<usize>().unwrap(), 2);

    // `DynamicStruct` also implements the `Struct` and `Reflect` traits.
    let mut patch = DynamicStruct::default();
    patch.insert("a", 4usize);

    // You can "apply" Reflect implementations on top of other Reflect implementations.
    // This will only set fields with the same name, and it will fail if the types don't match.
    // You can use this to "patch" your types with new values.
    value.apply(&patch);
    assert_eq!(value.a, 4);

    let type_registry = type_registry.read();
    // By default, all derived `Reflect` types can be Serialized using serde. No need to derive
    // Serialize!
    let serializer = ReflectSerializer::new(&value, &type_registry);
    let ron_string =
        ron::ser::to_string_pretty(&serializer, ron::ser::PrettyConfig::default()).unwrap();
    info!("{}\n", ron_string);

    // Dynamic properties can be deserialized
    let reflect_deserializer = ReflectDeserializer::new(&type_registry);
    let mut deserializer = ron::de::Deserializer::from_str(&ron_string).unwrap();
    let reflect_value = reflect_deserializer.deserialize(&mut deserializer).unwrap();

    // Deserializing returns a `Box<dyn PartialReflect>` value.
    // Generally, deserializing a value will return the "dynamic" variant of a type.
    // For example, deserializing a struct will return the DynamicStruct type.
    // "Opaque types" will be deserialized as themselves.
    assert_eq!(
        reflect_value.reflect_type_path(),
        DynamicStruct::type_path(),
    );

    // Reflect has its own `partial_eq` implementation, named `reflect_partial_eq`. This behaves
    // like normal `partial_eq`, but it treats "dynamic" and "non-dynamic" types the same. The
    // `Foo` struct and deserialized `DynamicStruct` are considered equal for this reason:
    assert!(reflect_value.reflect_partial_eq(&value).unwrap());

    // By "patching" `Foo` with the deserialized DynamicStruct, we can "Deserialize" Foo.
    // This means we can serialize and deserialize with a single `Reflect` derive!
    value.apply(&*reflect_value);
}
