/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  GDAL
 * Purpose:  Raster to Polygon Converter
 * Author:   Frank Warmerdam, warmerdam@pobox.com
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2008, Frank Warmerdam
 * Copyright (c) 2009-2011, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 ****************************************************************************/

#include "cpl_port.h"
#include "gdal_alg.h"

#include <cstring>

#include <algorithm>
#include <set>
#include <vector>
#include <utility>

#include "cpl_conv.h"
#include "cpl_error.h"
#include "cpl_progress.h"
#include "cpl_vsi.h"
#include "gdal.h"
#include "gdal_alg_priv.h"

#define MY_MAX_INT 2147483647

/*
 * General Plan
 *
 * 1) make a pass with the polygon enumerator to build up the
 *    polygon map array.  Also accumulate polygon size information.
 *
 * 2) Identify the polygons that need to be merged.
 *
 * 3) Make a pass with the polygon enumerator.  For each "to be merged"
 *    polygon keep track of its largest neighbour.
 *
 * 4) Fix up remappings that would go to polygons smaller than the sieve
 *    size.  Ensure these in term map to the largest neighbour of the
 *    "to be sieved" polygons.
 *
 * 5) Make another pass with the polygon enumerator. This time we remap
 *    the actual pixel values of all polygons to be merged.
 */

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GPMaskImageData()                           */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Mask out image pixels to a special nodata value if the mask     */
/*      band is zero.                                                   */
/************************************************************************/

static CPLErr GPMaskImageData(GDALRasterBandH hMaskBand, GByte *pabyMaskLine,
                              int iY, int nXSize, std::int64_t *panImageLine)

{
    const CPLErr eErr = GDALRasterIO(hMaskBand, GF_Read, 0, iY, nXSize, 1,
                                     pabyMaskLine, nXSize, 1, GDT_Byte, 0, 0);
    if (eErr == CE_None)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < nXSize; i++)
        {
            if (pabyMaskLine[i] == 0)
                panImageLine[i] = GP_NODATA_MARKER;
        }
    }

    return eErr;
}

// TODO: What is "eaches" supposed to be?

/************************************************************************/
/*                          CompareNeighbour()                          */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Compare two neighbouring polygons, and update eaches            */
/*      "biggest neighbour" if the other is larger than its current     */
/*      largest neighbour.                                              */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Note that this should end up with each polygon knowing the      */
/*      id of its largest neighbour.  No attempt is made to             */
/*      restrict things to small polygons that we will be merging,      */
/*      nor to exclude assigning "biggest neighbours" that are still    */
/*      smaller than our sieve threshold.                               */
/************************************************************************/

static inline void CompareNeighbour(int nPolyId1, int nPolyId2,
                                    int *panPolyIdMap,
                                    std::int64_t * /* panPolyValue */,
                                    const std::vector<int> &anPolySizes,
                                    std::vector<int> &anBigNeighbour)

{
    // Nodata polygon do not need neighbours, and cannot be neighbours
    // to valid polygons.
    if (nPolyId1 < 0 || nPolyId2 < 0)
        return;

    // Make sure we are working with the final merged polygon ids.
    nPolyId1 = panPolyIdMap[nPolyId1];
    nPolyId2 = panPolyIdMap[nPolyId2];

    if (nPolyId1 == nPolyId2)
        return;

    // Nodata polygon do not need neighbours, and cannot be neighbours
    // to valid polygons.
    // Should no longer happen with r28826 optimization.
    // if( panPolyValue[nPolyId1] == GP_NODATA_MARKER
    //    || panPolyValue[nPolyId2] == GP_NODATA_MARKER )
    //    return;

    if (anBigNeighbour[nPolyId1] == -1 ||
        anPolySizes[anBigNeighbour[nPolyId1]] < anPolySizes[nPolyId2])
        anBigNeighbour[nPolyId1] = nPolyId2;

    if (anBigNeighbour[nPolyId2] == -1 ||
        anPolySizes[anBigNeighbour[nPolyId2]] < anPolySizes[nPolyId1])
        anBigNeighbour[nPolyId2] = nPolyId1;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GDALSieveFilter()                           */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Removes small raster polygons.
 *
 * The function removes raster polygons smaller than a provided
 * threshold size (in pixels) and replaces them with the pixel value
 * of the largest neighbour polygon.
 *
 * Polygon are determined (per GDALRasterPolygonEnumerator) as regions of
 * the raster where the pixels all have the same value, and that are contiguous
 * (connected).
 *
 * Pixels determined to be "nodata" per hMaskBand will not be treated as part
 * of a polygon regardless of their pixel values.  Nodata areas will never be
 * changed nor affect polygon sizes.
 *
 * Polygons smaller than the threshold with no neighbours that are as large
 * as the threshold will not be altered.  Polygons surrounded by nodata areas
 * will therefore not be altered.
 *
 * The algorithm makes three passes over the input file to enumerate the
 * polygons and collect limited information about them.  Memory use is
 * proportional to the number of polygons (roughly 24 bytes per polygon), but
 * is not directly related to the size of the raster.  So very large raster
 * files can be processed effectively if there aren't too many polygons.  But
 * extremely noisy rasters with many one pixel polygons will end up being
 * expensive (in memory) to process.
 *
 * @param hSrcBand the source raster band to be processed.
 * @param hMaskBand an optional mask band.  All pixels in the mask band with a
 * value other than zero will be considered suitable for inclusion in polygons.
 * @param hDstBand the output raster band.  It may be the same as hSrcBand
 * to update the source in place.
 * @param nSizeThreshold raster polygons with sizes smaller than this will
 * be merged into their largest neighbour.
 * @param nConnectedness either 4 indicating that diagonal pixels are not
 * considered directly adjacent for polygon membership purposes or 8
 * indicating they are.
 * @param papszOptions algorithm options in name=value list form.  None
 * currently supported.
 * @param pfnProgress callback for reporting algorithm progress matching the
 * GDALProgressFunc() semantics.  May be NULL.
 * @param pProgressArg callback argument passed to pfnProgress.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success or CE_Failure if an error occurs.
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSieveFilter(GDALRasterBandH hSrcBand,
                                   GDALRasterBandH hMaskBand,
                                   GDALRasterBandH hDstBand, int nSizeThreshold,
                                   int nConnectedness,
                                   CPL_UNUSED char **papszOptions,
                                   GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                   void *pProgressArg)
{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hSrcBand, "GDALSieveFilter", CE_Failure);
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hDstBand, "GDALSieveFilter", CE_Failure);

    if (pfnProgress == nullptr)
        pfnProgress = GDALDummyProgress;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Allocate working buffers.                                       */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    int nXSize = GDALGetRasterBandXSize(hSrcBand);
    int nYSize = GDALGetRasterBandYSize(hSrcBand);
    auto panLastLineValKeeper = std::unique_ptr<std::int64_t, VSIFreeReleaser>(
        static_cast<std::int64_t *>(
            VSI_MALLOC2_VERBOSE(sizeof(std::int64_t), nXSize)));
    auto panThisLineValKeeper = std::unique_ptr<std::int64_t, VSIFreeReleaser>(
        static_cast<std::int64_t *>(
            VSI_MALLOC2_VERBOSE(sizeof(std::int64_t), nXSize)));
    auto panLastLineIdKeeper = std::unique_ptr<GInt32, VSIFreeReleaser>(
        static_cast<GInt32 *>(VSI_MALLOC2_VERBOSE(sizeof(GInt32), nXSize)));
    auto panThisLineIdKeeper = std::unique_ptr<GInt32, VSIFreeReleaser>(
        static_cast<GInt32 *>(VSI_MALLOC2_VERBOSE(sizeof(GInt32), nXSize)));
    auto panThisLineWriteValKeeper =
        std::unique_ptr<std::int64_t, VSIFreeReleaser>(
            static_cast<std::int64_t *>(
                VSI_MALLOC2_VERBOSE(sizeof(std::int64_t), nXSize)));
    auto pabyMaskLineKeeper = std::unique_ptr<GByte, VSIFreeReleaser>(
        hMaskBand != nullptr ? static_cast<GByte *>(VSI_MALLOC_VERBOSE(nXSize))
                             : nullptr);

    auto panLastLineVal = panLastLineValKeeper.get();
    auto panThisLineVal = panThisLineValKeeper.get();
    auto panLastLineId = panLastLineIdKeeper.get();
    auto panThisLineId = panThisLineIdKeeper.get();
    auto panThisLineWriteVal = panThisLineWriteValKeeper.get();
    auto pabyMaskLine = pabyMaskLineKeeper.get();

    if (panLastLineVal == nullptr || panThisLineVal == nullptr ||
        panLastLineId == nullptr || panThisLineId == nullptr ||
        panThisLineWriteVal == nullptr ||
        (hMaskBand != nullptr && pabyMaskLine == nullptr))
    {
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      The first pass over the raster is only used to build up the     */
    /*      polygon id map so we will know in advance what polygons are     */
    /*      what on the second pass.                                        */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALRasterPolygonEnumerator oFirstEnum(nConnectedness);
    std::vector<int> anPolySizes;

    CPLErr eErr = CE_None;
    for (int iY = 0; eErr == CE_None && iY < nYSize; iY++)
    {
        eErr = GDALRasterIO(hSrcBand, GF_Read, 0, iY, nXSize, 1, panThisLineVal,
                            nXSize, 1, GDT_Int64, 0, 0);

        if (eErr == CE_None && hMaskBand != nullptr)
            eErr = GPMaskImageData(hMaskBand, pabyMaskLine, iY, nXSize,
                                   panThisLineVal);
        if (eErr != CE_None)
            break;

        if (iY == 0)
            eErr = oFirstEnum.ProcessLine(nullptr, panThisLineVal, nullptr,
                                          panThisLineId, nXSize)
                       ? CE_None
                       : CE_Failure;
        else
            eErr = oFirstEnum.ProcessLine(panLastLineVal, panThisLineVal,
                                          panLastLineId, panThisLineId, nXSize)
                       ? CE_None
                       : CE_Failure;
        if (eErr != CE_None)
            break;

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Accumulate polygon sizes. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        if (oFirstEnum.nNextPolygonId > static_cast<int>(anPolySizes.size()))
            anPolySizes.resize(oFirstEnum.nNextPolygonId);

        for (int iX = 0; iX < nXSize; iX++)
        {
            const int iPoly = panThisLineId[iX];

            if (iPoly >= 0 && anPolySizes[iPoly] < MY_MAX_INT)
                anPolySizes[iPoly] += 1;
        }

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      swap this/last lines. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        std::swap(panLastLineVal, panThisLineVal);
        std::swap(panLastLineId, panThisLineId);

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Report progress, and support interrupts. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        if (!pfnProgress(0.25 * ((iY + 1) / static_cast<double>(nYSize)), "",
                         pProgressArg))
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_UserInterrupt, "User terminated");
            eErr = CE_Failure;
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Make a pass through the maps, ensuring every polygon id         */
    /*      points to the final id it should use, not an intermediate       */
    /*      value.                                                          */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (eErr == CE_None)
        oFirstEnum.CompleteMerges();

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Check if there are polygons                                     */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (!oFirstEnum.panPolyIdMap || !oFirstEnum.panPolyValue)
    {
        // Can happen if all pixels are masked
        if (hSrcBand == hDstBand)
        {
            pfnProgress(1.0, "", pProgressArg);
            return CE_None;
        }
        else
        {
            return GDALRasterBandCopyWholeRaster(hSrcBand, hDstBand, nullptr,
                                                 pfnProgress, pProgressArg);
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Push the sizes of merged polygon fragments into the             */
    /*      merged polygon id's count.                                      */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    for (int iPoly = 0; iPoly < oFirstEnum.nNextPolygonId; iPoly++)
    {
        if (oFirstEnum.panPolyIdMap[iPoly] != iPoly)
        {
            GIntBig nSize = anPolySizes[oFirstEnum.panPolyIdMap[iPoly]];

            nSize += anPolySizes[iPoly];

            if (nSize > MY_MAX_INT)
                nSize = MY_MAX_INT;

            anPolySizes[oFirstEnum.panPolyIdMap[iPoly]] =
                static_cast<int>(nSize);
            anPolySizes[iPoly] = 0;
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      We will use a new enumerator for the second pass primarily      */
    /*      so we can preserve the first pass map.                          */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALRasterPolygonEnumerator oSecondEnum(nConnectedness);

    std::vector<int> anBigNeighbour;
    try
    {
        anBigNeighbour.resize(anPolySizes.size(), -1);
    }
    catch (const std::exception &)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory, "%s: Out of memory",
                 __FUNCTION__);
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    /* ==================================================================== */
    /*      Second pass ... identify the largest neighbour for each         */
    /*      polygon.                                                        */
    /* ==================================================================== */
    for (int iY = 0; eErr == CE_None && iY < nYSize; iY++)
    {
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Read the image data. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        eErr = GDALRasterIO(hSrcBand, GF_Read, 0, iY, nXSize, 1, panThisLineVal,
                            nXSize, 1, GDT_Int64, 0, 0);

        if (eErr == CE_None && hMaskBand != nullptr)
            eErr = GPMaskImageData(hMaskBand, pabyMaskLine, iY, nXSize,
                                   panThisLineVal);

        if (eErr != CE_None)
            continue;

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Determine what polygon the various pixels belong to (redoing */
        /*      the same thing done in the first pass above). */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        if (iY == 0)
            eErr = oSecondEnum.ProcessLine(nullptr, panThisLineVal, nullptr,
                                           panThisLineId, nXSize)
                       ? CE_None
                       : CE_Failure;
        else
            eErr = oSecondEnum.ProcessLine(panLastLineVal, panThisLineVal,
                                           panLastLineId, panThisLineId, nXSize)
                       ? CE_None
                       : CE_Failure;

        if (eErr != CE_None)
            continue;

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Check our neighbours, and update our biggest neighbour map */
        /*      as appropriate. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        for (int iX = 0; iX < nXSize; iX++)
        {
            if (iY > 0)
            {
                CompareNeighbour(panThisLineId[iX], panLastLineId[iX],
                                 oFirstEnum.panPolyIdMap,
                                 oFirstEnum.panPolyValue, anPolySizes,
                                 anBigNeighbour);

                if (iX > 0 && nConnectedness == 8)
                    CompareNeighbour(panThisLineId[iX], panLastLineId[iX - 1],
                                     oFirstEnum.panPolyIdMap,
                                     oFirstEnum.panPolyValue, anPolySizes,
                                     anBigNeighbour);

                if (iX < nXSize - 1 && nConnectedness == 8)
                    CompareNeighbour(panThisLineId[iX], panLastLineId[iX + 1],
                                     oFirstEnum.panPolyIdMap,
                                     oFirstEnum.panPolyValue, anPolySizes,
                                     anBigNeighbour);
            }

            if (iX > 0)
                CompareNeighbour(panThisLineId[iX], panThisLineId[iX - 1],
                                 oFirstEnum.panPolyIdMap,
                                 oFirstEnum.panPolyValue, anPolySizes,
                                 anBigNeighbour);

            // We don't need to compare to next pixel or next line
            // since they will be compared to us.
        }

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Swap pixel value, and polygon id lines to be ready for the */
        /*      next line. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        std::swap(panLastLineVal, panThisLineVal);
        std::swap(panLastLineId, panThisLineId);

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Report progress, and support interrupts. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        if (!pfnProgress(0.25 + 0.25 * ((iY + 1) / static_cast<double>(nYSize)),
                         "", pProgressArg))
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_UserInterrupt, "User terminated");
            eErr = CE_Failure;
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      If our biggest neighbour is still smaller than the              */
    /*      threshold, then try tracking to that polygons biggest           */
    /*      neighbour, and so forth.                                        */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    int nFailedMerges = 0;
    int nIsolatedSmall = 0;
    int nSieveTargets = 0;

    for (int iPoly = 0; iPoly < static_cast<int>(anPolySizes.size()); iPoly++)
    {
        if (oFirstEnum.panPolyIdMap[iPoly] != iPoly)
            continue;

        // Ignore nodata polygons.
        if (oFirstEnum.panPolyValue[iPoly] == GP_NODATA_MARKER)
            continue;

        // Don't try to merge polygons larger than the threshold.
        if (anPolySizes[iPoly] >= nSizeThreshold)
        {
            anBigNeighbour[iPoly] = -1;
            continue;
        }

        nSieveTargets++;

        // if we have no neighbours but we are small, what shall we do?
        if (anBigNeighbour[iPoly] == -1)
        {
            nIsolatedSmall++;
            continue;
        }

        std::set<int> oSetVisitedPoly;
        oSetVisitedPoly.insert(iPoly);

        // Walk through our neighbours until we find a polygon large enough.
        int iFinalId = iPoly;
        bool bFoundBigEnoughPoly = false;
        while (true)
        {
            iFinalId = anBigNeighbour[iFinalId];
            if (iFinalId < 0)
            {
                break;
            }
            // If the biggest neighbour is larger than the threshold
            // then we are golden.
            if (anPolySizes[iFinalId] >= nSizeThreshold)
            {
                bFoundBigEnoughPoly = true;
                break;
            }
            // Check that we don't cycle on an already visited polygon.
            if (oSetVisitedPoly.find(iFinalId) != oSetVisitedPoly.end())
                break;
            oSetVisitedPoly.insert(iFinalId);
        }

        if (!bFoundBigEnoughPoly)
        {
            nFailedMerges++;
            anBigNeighbour[iPoly] = -1;
            continue;
        }

        // Map the whole intermediate chain to it.
        int iPolyCur = iPoly;
        while (anBigNeighbour[iPolyCur] != iFinalId)
        {
            int iNextPoly = anBigNeighbour[iPolyCur];
            anBigNeighbour[iPolyCur] = iFinalId;
            iPolyCur = iNextPoly;
        }
    }

    CPLDebug("GDALSieveFilter",
             "Small Polygons: %d, Isolated: %d, Unmergable: %d", nSieveTargets,
             nIsolatedSmall, nFailedMerges);

    /* ==================================================================== */
    /*      Make a third pass over the image, actually applying the         */
    /*      merges.  We reuse the second enumerator but preserve the        */
    /*      "final maps" from the first.                                    */
    /* ==================================================================== */
    oSecondEnum.Clear();

    for (int iY = 0; eErr == CE_None && iY < nYSize; iY++)
    {
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Read the image data. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        eErr = GDALRasterIO(hSrcBand, GF_Read, 0, iY, nXSize, 1, panThisLineVal,
                            nXSize, 1, GDT_Int64, 0, 0);

        memcpy(panThisLineWriteVal, panThisLineVal,
               sizeof(panThisLineVal[0]) * nXSize);

        if (eErr == CE_None && hMaskBand != nullptr)
            eErr = GPMaskImageData(hMaskBand, pabyMaskLine, iY, nXSize,
                                   panThisLineVal);

        if (eErr != CE_None)
            continue;

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Determine what polygon the various pixels belong to (redoing */
        /*      the same thing done in the first pass above). */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        if (iY == 0)
            oSecondEnum.ProcessLine(nullptr, panThisLineVal, nullptr,
                                    panThisLineId, nXSize);
        else
            oSecondEnum.ProcessLine(panLastLineVal, panThisLineVal,
                                    panLastLineId, panThisLineId, nXSize);

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Reprocess the actual pixel values according to the polygon */
        /*      merging, and write out this line of image data. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        for (int iX = 0; iX < nXSize; iX++)
        {
            int iThisPoly = panThisLineId[iX];
            if (iThisPoly >= 0)
            {
                iThisPoly = oFirstEnum.panPolyIdMap[iThisPoly];

                if (anBigNeighbour[iThisPoly] != -1)
                {
                    panThisLineWriteVal[iX] =
                        oFirstEnum.panPolyValue[anBigNeighbour[iThisPoly]];
                }
            }
        }

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Write the update data out. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        eErr = GDALRasterIO(hDstBand, GF_Write, 0, iY, nXSize, 1,
                            panThisLineWriteVal, nXSize, 1, GDT_Int64, 0, 0);

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Swap pixel value, and polygon id lines to be ready for the */
        /*      next line. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        std::swap(panLastLineVal, panThisLineVal);
        std::swap(panLastLineId, panThisLineId);

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Report progress, and support interrupts. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        if (eErr == CE_None &&
            !pfnProgress(0.5 + 0.5 * ((iY + 1) / static_cast<double>(nYSize)),
                         "", pProgressArg))
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_UserInterrupt, "User terminated");
            eErr = CE_Failure;
        }
    }

    return eErr;
}
