use std::{
    collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap},
    sync::Arc,
    time::Duration,
};

use dashmap::DashMap;
use futures::{stream::BoxStream, FutureExt};
use hive_console_sdk::circuit_breaker::{CircuitBreakerBuilder, CircuitBreakerError};
use hive_router_config::{
    demand_control::DemandControlMode,
    override_subgraph_urls::UrlOrExpression,
    subscriptions::SubscriptionProtocol,
    traffic_shaping::{DurationOrExpression, StatusCodeMatcher},
    HiveRouterConfig,
};
use hive_router_internal::expressions::{
    vrl::{core::Value as VrlValue, prelude::Function},
    ExpressionCompileError, ProgramHints, ValueOrProgram,
};
use hive_router_internal::expressions::{CompileExpression, DurationOrProgram, ExecutableProgram};
use hive_router_internal::{
    expressions::vrl::compiler::Program as VrlProgram, inflight::InFlightMap,
    telemetry::TelemetryContext,
};
use http::{StatusCode, Uri};
use hyper_util::{
    client::legacy::Client,
    rt::{TokioExecutor, TokioTimer},
};
use recloser::AsyncRecloser;
use tokio::sync::Semaphore;

use crate::{
    execution::{
        client_request_details::ClientRequestDetails, demand_control::DemandControlExecutionContext,
    },
    executors::{
        common::{SubgraphExecutionRequest, SubgraphExecutor, SubgraphExecutorBoxedArc},
        error::SubgraphExecutorError,
        http::{HTTPSubgraphExecutor, HttpClient, SubgraphHttpResponse},
        http_callback::{CallbackSubscriptionsMap, HttpCallbackSubgraphExecutor},
        tls::{build_https_client_config, build_https_connector, get_merged_tls_config},
        websocket::WsSubgraphExecutor,
    },
    hooks::on_subgraph_execute::{
        OnSubgraphExecuteEndHookPayload, OnSubgraphExecuteStartHookPayload,
    },
    plugin_context::PluginRequestState,
    plugin_trait::{EndControlFlow, StartControlFlow},
    plugins::hooks,
    response::subgraph_response::SubgraphResponse,
};

type SubgraphName = String;
type SubgraphEndpoint = String;
type ExecutorsBySubgraphMap =
    DashMap<SubgraphName, DashMap<SubgraphEndpoint, SubgraphExecutorBoxedArc>>;
type StaticEndpointsBySubgraphMap = DashMap<SubgraphName, SubgraphEndpoint>;
type ExpressionEndpointsBySubgraphMap = HashMap<SubgraphName, VrlProgram>;
type TimeoutsBySubgraph = DashMap<SubgraphName, DurationOrProgram>;

#[derive(Default)]
struct GlobalSubgraphUrlOverride {
    /// Subgraphs that have a per-subgraph URL override (static URL or expression).
    /// They opt out of the global `all` expression.
    ignored_subgraphs: Vec<SubgraphName>,
    /// VRL expression applied to all subgraphs that don't have a per-subgraph override.
    program: Option<VrlProgram>,
}

impl GlobalSubgraphUrlOverride {
    fn new(all_url_config: Option<&str>) -> Result<Self, SubgraphExecutorError> {
        let Some(expression) = all_url_config else {
            return Ok(Self::default());
        };

        let program = expression.compile_expression(None).map_err(|err| {
            SubgraphExecutorError::EndpointExpressionBuild("all".to_string(), err.diagnostics)
        })?;

        Ok(Self {
            ignored_subgraphs: Vec::new(),
            program: Some(program),
        })
    }

    fn ignore_subgraph(&mut self, name: SubgraphName) {
        self.ignored_subgraphs.push(name);
    }

    fn get_expression_for_subgraph(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&VrlProgram> {
        (!self.ignored_subgraphs.iter().any(|n| n.as_str() == name))
            .then_some(self.program.as_ref())
            .flatten()
    }
}

#[derive(Clone)]
struct SubgraphCircuitBreaker {
    recloser: AsyncRecloser,
    /// HTTP status code matchers that should be counted as failures by the
    /// circuit breaker. A response counts as a failure if its status code
    /// matches any entry. Wrapped in `Arc` so the value is cheap to clone
    /// out of the `DashMap`.
    error_status_codes: Arc<Vec<StatusCodeMatcher>>,
}
type CircuitBreakersBySubgraph = DashMap<SubgraphName, SubgraphCircuitBreaker>;

lazy_static::lazy_static! {
    /// Default HTTP statuses tracked as failures by the circuit breaker when
    /// the user does not configure `error_status_codes` explicitly. These
    /// cover the most common "infrastructure" 5xx codes that indicate the
    /// subgraph cannot serve the request right now (as opposed to a
    /// resolver-level error returned with a 200/2xx response):
    ///
    /// - 500 Internal Server Error
    /// - 502 Bad Gateway
    /// - 503 Service Unavailable
    /// - 504 Gateway Timeout
    static ref DEFAULT_CIRCUIT_BREAKER_ERROR_STATUS_CODES: Arc<Vec<StatusCodeMatcher>> = Arc::new(
        vec![
            StatusCodeMatcher::Exact(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR),
            StatusCodeMatcher::Exact(StatusCode::BAD_GATEWAY),
            StatusCodeMatcher::Exact(StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE),
            StatusCodeMatcher::Exact(StatusCode::GATEWAY_TIMEOUT),
        ],
    );
}

struct ResolvedSubgraphConfig<'a> {
    client: Arc<HttpClient>,
    timeout_config: &'a DurationOrExpression,
    dedupe_enabled: bool,
}

pub type InflightRequestsMap = InFlightMap<u64, (SubgraphHttpResponse, u64)>;

pub struct SubgraphExecutorMap {
    http_executors_by_subgraph: ExecutorsBySubgraphMap,
    subscription_executors_by_subgraph: ExecutorsBySubgraphMap,
    /// Mapping from subgraph name to static endpoint for quick lookup
    /// based on subgraph SDL and static overrides from router's config.
    static_endpoints_by_subgraph: StaticEndpointsBySubgraphMap,
    /// Mapping from subgraph name to VRL expression program
    /// Only contains subgraphs with expression-based endpoint overrides
    expression_endpoints_by_subgraph: ExpressionEndpointsBySubgraphMap,
    all_endpoint_expression: GlobalSubgraphUrlOverride,
    timeouts_by_subgraph: TimeoutsBySubgraph,
    circuit_breakers_by_subgraph: CircuitBreakersBySubgraph,
    global_timeout: DurationOrProgram,
    config: Arc<HiveRouterConfig>,
    client: Arc<HttpClient>,
    semaphores_by_origin: DashMap<String, Arc<Semaphore>>,
    max_connections_per_host: usize,
    in_flight_requests: InflightRequestsMap,
    telemetry_context: Arc<TelemetryContext>,
    /// Shared map of active HTTP callback subscriptions
    callback_subscriptions: CallbackSubscriptionsMap,
}
impl SubgraphExecutorMap {
    pub fn new(
        config: Arc<HiveRouterConfig>,
        global_timeout: DurationOrProgram,
        telemetry_context: Arc<TelemetryContext>,
    ) -> Result<Self, SubgraphExecutorError> {
        let mut client_builder = Client::builder(TokioExecutor::new());
        client_builder
            .pool_timer(TokioTimer::new())
            .pool_idle_timeout(config.traffic_shaping.all.pool_idle_timeout)
            .pool_max_idle_per_host(config.traffic_shaping.max_connections_per_host);
        if config.traffic_shaping.all.allow_only_http2 {
            client_builder.http2_only(true);
        }
        let client: HttpClient = client_builder.build(build_https_connector(
            config.traffic_shaping.all.tls.as_ref(),
        )?);

        let max_connections_per_host = config.traffic_shaping.max_connections_per_host;

        Ok(SubgraphExecutorMap {
            http_executors_by_subgraph: Default::default(),
            subscription_executors_by_subgraph: Default::default(),
            static_endpoints_by_subgraph: Default::default(),
            expression_endpoints_by_subgraph: Default::default(),
            all_endpoint_expression: Default::default(),
            config,
            client: Arc::new(client),
            semaphores_by_origin: Default::default(),
            max_connections_per_host,
            in_flight_requests: InFlightMap::default(),
            timeouts_by_subgraph: Default::default(),
            circuit_breakers_by_subgraph: Default::default(),
            global_timeout,
            telemetry_context,
            callback_subscriptions: Arc::new(DashMap::new()),
        })
    }

    pub fn from_http_endpoint_map(
        subgraph_endpoint_map: &HashMap<SubgraphName, String>,
        config: Arc<HiveRouterConfig>,
        telemetry_context: Arc<TelemetryContext>,
        active_callback_subscriptions: CallbackSubscriptionsMap,
    ) -> Result<Self, SubgraphExecutorError> {
        let global_timeout =
            compile_duration_or_expression(&config.traffic_shaping.all.request_timeout, None)
                .map_err(|err| {
                    SubgraphExecutorError::RequestTimeoutExpressionBuild(
                        "all".to_string(),
                        err.diagnostics,
                    )
                })?;
        let mut subgraph_executor_map =
            SubgraphExecutorMap::new(config.clone(), global_timeout, telemetry_context)?;
        subgraph_executor_map.callback_subscriptions = active_callback_subscriptions;

        // The `all` expression is configured once but evaluated against each subgraph.
        // It only applies as a fallback when there is no per-subgraph override.
        let mut global_url_override =
            GlobalSubgraphUrlOverride::new(config.override_subgraph_urls.get_all_url())?;

        for (subgraph_name, original_endpoint_str) in subgraph_endpoint_map.iter() {
            let endpoint_config = config
                .override_subgraph_urls
                .get_subgraph_url(subgraph_name);

            let endpoint_str = match endpoint_config {
                Some(UrlOrExpression::Url(url)) => {
                    global_url_override.ignore_subgraph(subgraph_name.clone());
                    url
                }
                Some(UrlOrExpression::Expression { expression }) => {
                    global_url_override.ignore_subgraph(subgraph_name.clone());
                    subgraph_executor_map
                        .register_endpoint_expression(subgraph_name, expression)?;
                    original_endpoint_str
                }
                None => original_endpoint_str,
            };

            subgraph_executor_map.register_static_endpoint(subgraph_name, endpoint_str);
            subgraph_executor_map.register_executor(subgraph_name, endpoint_str, false)?;
            subgraph_executor_map.register_subgraph_timeout(subgraph_name)?;
            subgraph_executor_map.register_circuit_breaker(subgraph_name)?;
        }

        subgraph_executor_map.all_endpoint_expression = global_url_override;

        Ok(subgraph_executor_map)
    }

    /// Returns the shared active callback subscriptions map for use by callback handlers.
    pub fn callback_subscriptions(&self) -> CallbackSubscriptionsMap {
        self.callback_subscriptions.clone()
    }

    pub async fn execute<'exec>(
        &self,
        subgraph_name: &'exec str,
        mut execution_request: SubgraphExecutionRequest<'exec>,
        client_request: &ClientRequestDetails<'exec>,
        plugin_req_state: Option<&'exec PluginRequestState<'exec>>,
        demand_control_ctx: Option<&DemandControlExecutionContext>,
    ) -> Result<SubgraphResponse<'exec>, SubgraphExecutorError> {
        if let Some(demand_control_opts) = demand_control_ctx {
            if let Some(subgraph_max_cost) = demand_control_opts
                .subgraphs
                .blocked_subgraphs
                .get(subgraph_name)
            {
                let estimated_cost = demand_control_opts
                    .evaluation
                    .estimated_cost_for_subgraph(subgraph_name);

                match demand_control_opts.subgraphs.enforcement_mode {
                    DemandControlMode::Enforce => {
                        tracing::warn!(
                            subgraph_name,
                            estimated_cost,
                            subgraph_max_cost = *subgraph_max_cost,
                            "skipping subgraph fetch: estimated cost exceeds subgraph budget"
                        );

                        return Err(SubgraphExecutorError::CostEstimatedTooExpensive);
                    }
                    DemandControlMode::Measure => {
                        tracing::info!(
                            subgraph_name,
                            estimated_cost,
                            subgraph_max_cost = *subgraph_max_cost,
                            "subgraph budget exceeded: estimated cost exceeds subgraph budget (not enforced)"
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        let mut executor = self.get_or_create_http_executor(subgraph_name, client_request)?;

        let timeout = self.resolve_subgraph_timeout(subgraph_name, client_request)?;

        let mut on_end_callbacks = vec![];

        let mut execution_result: Option<SubgraphResponse<'exec>> = None;
        if let Some(plugin_req_state) = plugin_req_state.as_ref() {
            let mut start_payload = OnSubgraphExecuteStartHookPayload {
                router_http_request: &plugin_req_state.router_http_request,
                context: &plugin_req_state.context,
                request_context: plugin_req_state
                    .request_context
                    .for_plugin::<hooks::OnSubgraphExecute>(),
                subgraph_name,
                executor,
                execution_request,
            };
            for plugin in plugin_req_state.plugins.as_ref() {
                let result = plugin.on_subgraph_execute(start_payload).await;
                start_payload = result.payload;
                match result.control_flow {
                    StartControlFlow::Proceed => {
                        // continue to next plugin
                    }
                    StartControlFlow::EndWithResponse(response) => {
                        execution_result = Some(response);
                        break;
                    }
                    StartControlFlow::OnEnd(callback) => {
                        on_end_callbacks.push(callback);
                    }
                }
            }
            // Give the ownership back to variables
            execution_request = start_payload.execution_request;
            executor = start_payload.executor;
        }

        let mut execution_result = match execution_result {
            Some(execution_result) => execution_result,
            None => {
                let exec_fut = executor.execute(execution_request, timeout, plugin_req_state);
                // Clone the circuit breaker out of the DashMap before awaiting to avoid
                // holding the shard read-lock across an await point (potential deadlock).
                let circuit_breaker = self
                    .circuit_breakers_by_subgraph
                    .get(subgraph_name)
                    .map(|r| r.value().clone());
                match circuit_breaker {
                    Some(circuit_breaker) => {
                        let SubgraphCircuitBreaker {
                            recloser,
                            error_status_codes,
                        } = circuit_breaker;
                        // Treat configured status codes as errors so the
                        // circuit breaker can track them. Default: 500, 502,
                        // 503 and 504.
                        let exec_fut = exec_fut.map(move |exec_res| match exec_res {
                            Ok(succ_res) => {
                                if succ_res.status.is_some_and(|status| {
                                    error_status_codes.iter().any(|m| m.matches(status))
                                }) {
                                    // Save the original response in case the circuit breaker treats it as an error and returns it through the error variant
                                    Err(SubgraphExecutorError::InternalServerError(succ_res.into()))
                                } else {
                                    Ok(succ_res)
                                }
                            }
                            Err(err) => Err(err),
                        });
                        let circuit_breaker_metrics =
                            &self.telemetry_context.metrics.circuit_breaker;
                        recloser
                            .call(exec_fut)
                            .map(|exec_res| match exec_res {
                                Err(recloser::Error::Inner(e)) => {
                                    // The call was permitted by the breaker but the
                                    // inner future returned an error. The breaker
                                    // counts it as a failure regardless of whether
                                    // we surface the original response or not.
                                    circuit_breaker_metrics.record_failure(subgraph_name);
                                    match e {
                                        // If it's an error we wrapped above, unwrap it and return the original successful response instead of treating it as a failure for the caller
                                        // This allows the circuit breaker to track 5xx responses without impacting the actual response returned to the client,
                                        // which is important for use cases where clients want to handle 5xx responses differently but still want the circuit breaker to be aware of them.
                                        SubgraphExecutorError::InternalServerError(succ_ress) => {
                                            Ok(*succ_ress)
                                        }
                                        other_err => Err(other_err),
                                    }
                                }
                                Err(recloser::Error::Rejected) => {
                                    circuit_breaker_metrics.record_short_circuit(subgraph_name);
                                    Err(SubgraphExecutorError::CircuitBreakerRejected)
                                }
                                Ok(res) => {
                                    circuit_breaker_metrics.record_success(subgraph_name);
                                    Ok(res)
                                }
                            })
                            .await?
                    }
                    None => exec_fut.await?,
                }
            }
        };

        if !on_end_callbacks.is_empty() {
            if let Some(plugin_req_state) = plugin_req_state.as_ref() {
                let mut end_payload = OnSubgraphExecuteEndHookPayload {
                    context: &plugin_req_state.context,
                    request_context: plugin_req_state
                        .request_context
                        .for_plugin::<hooks::OnSubgraphExecute>(),
                    execution_result,
                };

                for callback in on_end_callbacks {
                    let result = callback(end_payload);
                    end_payload = result.payload;
                    match result.control_flow {
                        EndControlFlow::Proceed => {
                            // continue to next callback
                        }
                        EndControlFlow::EndWithResponse(response) => {
                            end_payload.execution_result = response;
                        }
                    }
                }

                // Give the ownership back to variables
                execution_result = end_payload.execution_result;
            }
        }

        Ok(execution_result)
    }

    pub async fn subscribe<'exec>(
        &self,
        subgraph_name: &str,
        execution_request: SubgraphExecutionRequest<'exec>,
        client_request: &ClientRequestDetails<'exec>,
    ) -> Result<
        BoxStream<'static, Result<SubgraphResponse<'static>, SubgraphExecutorError>>,
        SubgraphExecutorError,
    > {
        let executor = self.get_or_create_subscription_executor(subgraph_name, client_request)?;

        let timeout = self.resolve_subgraph_timeout(subgraph_name, client_request)?;

        let subscribe_fut = executor.subscribe(execution_request, timeout);

        // The circuit breaker only guards the establishment of the
        // subscription (the first `Result` returned by `subscribe`). Errors
        // emitted by the returned stream are intentionally ignored because
        // once the subscription is established we already know the subgraph
        // is reachable, and treating in-stream errors as failures would
        // incorrectly trigger the breaker.
        let circuit_breaker = self
            .circuit_breakers_by_subgraph
            .get(subgraph_name)
            .map(|r| r.value().clone());

        match circuit_breaker {
            Some(SubgraphCircuitBreaker { recloser, .. }) => {
                let circuit_breaker_metrics = &self.telemetry_context.metrics.circuit_breaker;
                recloser
                    .call(subscribe_fut)
                    .map(|res| match res {
                        Ok(stream) => {
                            circuit_breaker_metrics.record_success(subgraph_name);
                            Ok(stream)
                        }
                        Err(recloser::Error::Inner(e)) => {
                            circuit_breaker_metrics.record_failure(subgraph_name);
                            Err(e)
                        }
                        Err(recloser::Error::Rejected) => {
                            circuit_breaker_metrics.record_short_circuit(subgraph_name);
                            Err(SubgraphExecutorError::CircuitBreakerRejected)
                        }
                    })
                    .await
            }
            None => subscribe_fut.await,
        }
    }

    fn resolve_subgraph_timeout(
        &self,
        subgraph_name: &str,
        client_request: &ClientRequestDetails<'_>,
    ) -> Result<Option<Duration>, SubgraphExecutorError> {
        self.timeouts_by_subgraph
            .get(subgraph_name)
            .map(|t| {
                let global_timeout_duration =
                    resolve_timeout(&self.global_timeout, client_request, None)?;
                resolve_timeout(t.value(), client_request, Some(global_timeout_duration))
            })
            .transpose()
    }

    fn resolve_endpoint(
        &self,
        subgraph_name: &str,
        client_request: &ClientRequestDetails<'_>,
    ) -> Result<String, SubgraphExecutorError> {
        let expression = self
            .expression_endpoints_by_subgraph
            .get(subgraph_name)
            // Fallbacks to the global `all` expression when no per-subgraph override is set
            .or_else(|| {
                self.all_endpoint_expression
                    .get_expression_for_subgraph(subgraph_name)
            });

        if let Some(expression) = expression {
            let original_url_value = VrlValue::Bytes(
                self.static_endpoints_by_subgraph
                    .get(subgraph_name)
                    .map(|endpoint| endpoint.value().clone())
                    .ok_or_else(|| SubgraphExecutorError::StaticEndpointNotFound)?
                    .into(),
            );

            let subgraph_value =
                VrlValue::Object(BTreeMap::from([("name".into(), subgraph_name.into())]));

            let value = VrlValue::Object(BTreeMap::from([
                ("request".into(), client_request.into()),
                ("default".into(), original_url_value),
                ("subgraph".into(), subgraph_value),
            ]));

            let endpoint_result = expression.execute(value).map_err(|err| {
                SubgraphExecutorError::EndpointExpressionResolutionFailure(err.to_string())
            })?;

            match endpoint_result.as_str() {
                Some(s) => Ok(s.to_string()),
                None => Err(SubgraphExecutorError::EndpointExpressionWrongType),
            }
        } else {
            self.static_endpoints_by_subgraph
                .get(subgraph_name)
                .map(|e| e.value().clone())
                .ok_or_else(|| SubgraphExecutorError::StaticEndpointNotFound)
        }
    }

    fn get_or_create_http_executor(
        &self,
        subgraph_name: &str,
        client_request: &ClientRequestDetails<'_>,
    ) -> Result<SubgraphExecutorBoxedArc, SubgraphExecutorError> {
        let endpoint_str = self.resolve_endpoint(subgraph_name, client_request)?;

        if let Some(executor) = self
            .http_executors_by_subgraph
            .get(subgraph_name)
            .and_then(|endpoints| endpoints.get(&endpoint_str).map(|e| e.clone()))
        {
            return Ok(executor);
        }

        self.register_executor(subgraph_name, &endpoint_str, false)
    }

    fn get_or_create_subscription_executor(
        &self,
        subgraph_name: &str,
        client_request: &ClientRequestDetails<'_>,
    ) -> Result<SubgraphExecutorBoxedArc, SubgraphExecutorError> {
        let endpoint_str = self.resolve_endpoint(subgraph_name, client_request)?;

        if let Some(executor) = self
            .subscription_executors_by_subgraph
            .get(subgraph_name)
            .and_then(|endpoints| endpoints.get(&endpoint_str).map(|e| e.clone()))
        {
            return Ok(executor);
        }

        self.register_executor(subgraph_name, &endpoint_str, true)
    }

    /// Registers a new HTTP subgraph executor for the given subgraph name and endpoint URL.
    /// It makes it availble for future requests.
    fn register_endpoint_expression(
        &mut self,
        subgraph_name: &str,
        expression: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), SubgraphExecutorError> {
        let program = expression.compile_expression(None).map_err(|err| {
            SubgraphExecutorError::EndpointExpressionBuild(
                subgraph_name.to_string(),
                err.diagnostics,
            )
        })?;
        self.expression_endpoints_by_subgraph
            .insert(subgraph_name.to_string(), program);

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Registers a static endpoint for the given subgraph name.
    /// This is used for quick lookup when no expression is defined
    /// or when resolving the expression (to have the original URL available there).
    fn register_static_endpoint(&self, subgraph_name: &str, endpoint_str: &str) {
        self.static_endpoints_by_subgraph
            .insert(subgraph_name.to_string(), endpoint_str.to_string());
    }

    /// Registers a subgraph executor for the given subgraph name and endpoint URL.
    /// If `subscription_protocol` is Some, creates the appropriate executor for that protocol
    /// and stores it in `subscription_executors_by_subgraph`.
    /// If `subscription_protocol` is None, creates an HTTP executor and stores it in `http_executors_by_subgraph`.
    fn register_executor(
        &self,
        subgraph_name: &str,
        endpoint_str: &str,
        for_subscription: bool,
    ) -> Result<SubgraphExecutorBoxedArc, SubgraphExecutorError> {
        let endpoint_uri = endpoint_str.parse::<Uri>().map_err(|e| {
            SubgraphExecutorError::EndpointParseFailure(endpoint_str.to_string(), e)
        })?;

        let origin = format!(
            "{}://{}:{}",
            endpoint_uri.scheme_str().unwrap_or("http"),
            endpoint_uri.host().unwrap_or(""),
            endpoint_uri.port_u16().unwrap_or_else(|| {
                match endpoint_uri.scheme_str() {
                    Some("https") | Some("wss") => 443,
                    _ => 80,
                }
            })
        );

        let semaphore = self
            .semaphores_by_origin
            .entry(origin)
            .or_insert_with(|| Arc::new(Semaphore::new(self.max_connections_per_host)))
            .clone();

        let protocol = if for_subscription {
            self.config
                .subscriptions
                .get_protocol_for_subgraph(subgraph_name)
        } else {
            SubscriptionProtocol::HTTP
        };

        match protocol {
            SubscriptionProtocol::HTTP => {
                let subgraph_config = self.resolve_subgraph_config(subgraph_name)?;

                let http_executor = HTTPSubgraphExecutor::new(
                    subgraph_name.to_string(),
                    endpoint_uri,
                    subgraph_config.client,
                    semaphore,
                    subgraph_config.dedupe_enabled,
                    self.in_flight_requests.clone(),
                    self.telemetry_context.clone(),
                    self.config.clone(),
                )
                .to_boxed_arc();

                self.http_executors_by_subgraph
                    .entry(subgraph_name.to_string())
                    .or_default()
                    .insert(endpoint_str.to_string(), http_executor.clone());

                Ok(http_executor)
            }
            SubscriptionProtocol::WebSocket => {
                let ws_scheme = match endpoint_uri.scheme_str() {
                    Some("https") => "wss",
                    _ => "ws",
                };

                // take the path from the subscription config or use the one from the endpoint
                let path_and_query = self
                    .config
                    .subscriptions
                    .get_websocket_path(subgraph_name)
                    .or_else(|| endpoint_uri.path_and_query().map(|pq| pq.as_str()))
                    // fallback to default if neither is set, but this should never happen
                    .unwrap_or_default();

                // build the final WebSocket URI
                let ws_endpoint_uri = Uri::builder()
                    .scheme(ws_scheme)
                    .authority(
                        endpoint_uri
                            .authority()
                            .map(|a| a.as_str())
                            .unwrap_or_default(),
                    )
                    .path_and_query(path_and_query)
                    .build()
                    .map_err(|e| {
                        SubgraphExecutorError::WebSocketEndpointBuildFailure(
                            format!(
                                "{}://{}{}",
                                ws_scheme,
                                endpoint_uri
                                    .authority()
                                    .map(|a| a.as_str())
                                    .unwrap_or_default(),
                                path_and_query
                            ),
                            e,
                        )
                    })?;

                // Resolve TLS config for the subgraph (merging global + per-subgraph)
                let tls_config = get_merged_tls_config(
                    self.config.traffic_shaping.all.tls.as_ref(),
                    self.config
                        .traffic_shaping
                        .subgraphs
                        .get(subgraph_name)
                        .and_then(|s| s.tls.as_ref()),
                );
                let ws_tls_config = match tls_config.as_ref() {
                    Some(tls) => Some(Arc::new(build_https_client_config(Some(tls))?)),
                    None => None,
                };

                let ws_executor = WsSubgraphExecutor::new(
                    subgraph_name.to_string(),
                    // we use the new constructed ws_endpoint_uri here
                    ws_endpoint_uri,
                    ws_tls_config,
                )
                .to_boxed_arc();

                self.subscription_executors_by_subgraph
                    .entry(subgraph_name.to_string())
                    .or_default()
                    // we store the original endpoint_str as the key for faster lookups
                    .insert(endpoint_str.to_string(), ws_executor.clone());

                Ok(ws_executor)
            }
            SubscriptionProtocol::HTTPCallback => {
                let callback_config = self
                    .config
                    .subscriptions
                    .callback
                    .as_ref()
                    .ok_or_else(|| SubgraphExecutorError::HttpCallbackNotConfigured)?;

                let heartbeat_interval_ms = callback_config.heartbeat_interval.as_millis() as u64;

                let subgraph_config = self.resolve_subgraph_config(subgraph_name)?;

                let callback_executor = HttpCallbackSubgraphExecutor::new(
                    subgraph_name.to_string(),
                    endpoint_uri,
                    subgraph_config.client,
                    callback_config.public_url.to_string(),
                    heartbeat_interval_ms,
                    self.callback_subscriptions.clone(),
                )
                .to_boxed_arc();

                self.subscription_executors_by_subgraph
                    .entry(subgraph_name.to_string())
                    .or_default()
                    .insert(endpoint_str.to_string(), callback_executor.clone());

                Ok(callback_executor)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Resolves traffic shaping configuration for a specific subgraph, applying subgraph-specific
    /// overrides on top of global settings
    fn resolve_subgraph_config<'a>(
        &'a self,
        subgraph_name: &'a str,
    ) -> Result<ResolvedSubgraphConfig<'a>, SubgraphExecutorError> {
        let mut config = ResolvedSubgraphConfig {
            client: self.client.clone(),
            timeout_config: &self.config.traffic_shaping.all.request_timeout,
            dedupe_enabled: self.config.traffic_shaping.all.dedupe_enabled,
        };

        let Some(subgraph_config) = self.config.traffic_shaping.subgraphs.get(subgraph_name) else {
            return Ok(config);
        };

        let pool_idle_timeout = subgraph_config
            .pool_idle_timeout
            .unwrap_or(self.config.traffic_shaping.all.pool_idle_timeout);
        // Override client only if pool idle timeout is customized, TLS config is provided, or allow_only_http2 differs
        let subgraph_allow_only_http2 = subgraph_config
            .allow_only_http2
            .unwrap_or(self.config.traffic_shaping.all.allow_only_http2);
        if pool_idle_timeout != self.config.traffic_shaping.all.pool_idle_timeout
            || subgraph_config.tls.is_some()
            || subgraph_allow_only_http2 != self.config.traffic_shaping.all.allow_only_http2
        {
            let tls_config = get_merged_tls_config(
                self.config.traffic_shaping.all.tls.as_ref(),
                subgraph_config.tls.as_ref(),
            );
            let mut client_builder = Client::builder(TokioExecutor::new());
            client_builder
                .pool_timer(TokioTimer::new())
                .pool_idle_timeout(pool_idle_timeout)
                .pool_max_idle_per_host(self.max_connections_per_host);
            if subgraph_allow_only_http2 {
                client_builder.http2_only(true);
            }
            config.client =
                Arc::new(client_builder.build(build_https_connector(tls_config.as_ref())?));
        }

        // Apply other subgraph-specific overrides
        if let Some(dedupe_enabled) = subgraph_config.dedupe_enabled {
            config.dedupe_enabled = dedupe_enabled;
        }

        if let Some(custom_timeout) = &subgraph_config.request_timeout {
            config.timeout_config = custom_timeout;
        }

        Ok(config)
    }

    /// Compiles and registers a timeout for a specific subgraph.
    /// If the subgraph has a custom timeout configuration, it will be used.
    /// Otherwise, the global timeout configuration will be used.
    fn register_subgraph_timeout(&self, subgraph_name: &str) -> Result<(), SubgraphExecutorError> {
        // Check if this subgraph already has a timeout registered
        if self.timeouts_by_subgraph.contains_key(subgraph_name) {
            return Ok(());
        }

        // Get the timeout configuration for this subgraph, or fall back to global
        let timeout_config = self
            .config
            .traffic_shaping
            .subgraphs
            .get(subgraph_name)
            .and_then(|s| s.request_timeout.as_ref())
            .unwrap_or(&self.config.traffic_shaping.all.request_timeout);

        // Compile the timeout configuration into a DurationOrProgram
        let timeout_prog = compile_duration_or_expression(timeout_config, None).map_err(|err| {
            SubgraphExecutorError::RequestTimeoutExpressionBuild(
                subgraph_name.to_string(),
                err.diagnostics,
            )
        })?;

        // Register the compiled timeout
        self.timeouts_by_subgraph
            .insert(subgraph_name.to_string(), timeout_prog);

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Registers a circuit breaker for a specific subgraph.
    /// If the subgraph already has a circuit breaker registered, it will do nothing.
    fn register_circuit_breaker(&self, subgraph_name: &str) -> Result<(), SubgraphExecutorError> {
        if self
            .circuit_breakers_by_subgraph
            .contains_key(subgraph_name)
        {
            return Ok(());
        }

        let global_circuit_breaker_cfg = self.config.traffic_shaping.all.circuit_breaker.as_ref();
        let subgraph_circuit_breaker_cfg = self
            .config
            .traffic_shaping
            .subgraphs
            .get(subgraph_name)
            .and_then(|s| s.circuit_breaker.as_ref());

        let circuit_breaker_enabled = subgraph_circuit_breaker_cfg
            .and_then(|c| c.enabled)
            .or_else(|| global_circuit_breaker_cfg.and_then(|c| c.enabled))
            .unwrap_or(false);

        if circuit_breaker_enabled {
            let mut builder = CircuitBreakerBuilder::default();

            if let Some(error_threshold) = subgraph_circuit_breaker_cfg
                .and_then(|c| c.error_threshold)
                .or_else(|| global_circuit_breaker_cfg.and_then(|c| c.error_threshold))
            {
                let error_threshold = error_threshold.as_f64() as f32;
                if !error_threshold.is_finite() {
                    return Err(SubgraphExecutorError::CircuitBreakerCreationError(
                        CircuitBreakerError::InvalidErrorThreshold(error_threshold),
                        subgraph_name.to_string(),
                    ));
                }
                builder = builder.error_threshold(error_threshold);
            }

            if let Some(volume_threshold) = subgraph_circuit_breaker_cfg
                .and_then(|c| c.volume_threshold)
                .or_else(|| global_circuit_breaker_cfg.and_then(|c| c.volume_threshold))
            {
                builder = builder.volume_threshold(volume_threshold);
            }

            if let Some(reset_timeout) = subgraph_circuit_breaker_cfg
                .and_then(|c| c.reset_timeout)
                .or_else(|| global_circuit_breaker_cfg.and_then(|c| c.reset_timeout))
            {
                builder = builder.reset_timeout(reset_timeout);
            }

            if let Some(half_open_attempts) = subgraph_circuit_breaker_cfg
                .and_then(|c| c.half_open_attempts)
                .or_else(|| global_circuit_breaker_cfg.and_then(|c| c.half_open_attempts))
            {
                builder = builder.half_open_attempts(half_open_attempts);
            }

            let recloser = builder.build_async().map_err(|e| {
                SubgraphExecutorError::CircuitBreakerCreationError(e, subgraph_name.to_string())
            })?;

            let error_status_codes = subgraph_circuit_breaker_cfg
                .and_then(|c| c.error_status_codes.as_ref())
                .or_else(|| global_circuit_breaker_cfg.and_then(|c| c.error_status_codes.as_ref()))
                .map(|codes| Arc::new(codes.clone()))
                .unwrap_or_else(|| DEFAULT_CIRCUIT_BREAKER_ERROR_STATUS_CODES.clone());

            self.circuit_breakers_by_subgraph.insert(
                subgraph_name.to_string(),
                SubgraphCircuitBreaker {
                    recloser,
                    error_status_codes,
                },
            );

            self.telemetry_context
                .metrics
                .circuit_breaker
                .register_subgraph(subgraph_name);
        }

        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Resolves a timeout DurationOrProgram to a concrete Duration.
/// Optionally includes a default timeout value in the VRL context.
fn resolve_timeout(
    duration_or_program: &DurationOrProgram,
    client_request: &ClientRequestDetails<'_>,
    default_timeout: Option<Duration>,
) -> Result<Duration, SubgraphExecutorError> {
    duration_or_program
        .resolve(|| {
            let mut context_map = BTreeMap::new();
            context_map.insert("request".into(), client_request.into());

            if let Some(default) = default_timeout {
                context_map.insert(
                    "default".into(),
                    VrlValue::Integer(default.as_millis() as i64),
                );
            }

            VrlValue::Object(context_map)
        })
        .map_err(|err| SubgraphExecutorError::TimeoutExpressionResolution(err.to_string()))
}

pub fn compile_duration_or_expression(
    config: &DurationOrExpression,
    fns: Option<&[Box<dyn Function>]>,
) -> Result<ValueOrProgram<Duration>, ExpressionCompileError> {
    match config {
        DurationOrExpression::Duration(dur) => Ok(ValueOrProgram::Value(*dur)),
        DurationOrExpression::Expression { expression } => {
            let program = expression.as_str().compile_expression(fns)?;
            let hints = ProgramHints::from_program(&program);
            Ok(ValueOrProgram::Program(Box::new(program), hints))
        }
    }
}
