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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span>
					<span>Document store</span>
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				<span>Performance</span>
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				<span>Handling relational data</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span>
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					<span>Caching, replication and non-normalized data</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span>
					<span>Nesting data</span>
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				<span>ACID and join support</span>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span>
				<span>Query optimization and indexing in NoSQL databases</span>
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				<span>Further reading</span>
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					<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">NoSQL</span></h1>
							
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				<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قاعدة البيانات غير العلائقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قاعدة البيانات غير العلائقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="نواس‌کیوال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نواس‌کیوال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD" title="നോഎസ്ക്യുഎൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോഎസ്ക്യുഎൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கட்டமைப்பில்லாத வினவு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டமைப்பில்லாத வினவு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL_(kavram)" title="NoSQL (kavram) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="NoSQL (kavram)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="نو ایس کیو ایل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نو ایس کیو ایل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li>
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</div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Database class for storage and retrieval of modeled data</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1320445320">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Structured storage" redirects here. For the Microsoft technology, see <a href="/wiki/COM_Structured_Storage" title="COM Structured Storage">COM Structured Storage</a>.</div>
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</p><p><b>NoSQL</b> (originally meaning "not only <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>" or "non-relational")<sup id="cite&#95;ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> refers to a type of <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> design that stores and retrieves data differently from the traditional table-based structure of <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a>. Unlike relational databases, which organize data into rows and columns like a spreadsheet, NoSQL databases use a single data structure—such as <a href="/wiki/Key-value_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Key-value database">key–value pairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">wide columns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">graphs</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">documents</a>—to hold information. Since this non-relational design does not require a fixed <a href="/wiki/Database_schema" title="Database schema">schema</a>, it scales easily to manage large, often <a href="/wiki/Unstructured_data" title="Unstructured data">unstructured datasets</a>.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> NoSQL systems are sometimes called <i>"Not only SQL"</i> because they can support <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>-like query languages or work alongside SQL databases in <a href="/wiki/Polyglot_persistence" title="Polyglot persistence">polyglot-persistent</a> setups, where multiple database types are combined.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite&#95;ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Non-relational databases date back to the late 1960s, but the term "NoSQL" emerged in the early 2000s, spurred by the needs of <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> companies like social media platforms.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite&#95;ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>NoSQL databases are popular in <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a> and <a href="/wiki/Real-time_web" title="Real-time web">real-time web</a> applications due to their simple design, ability to scale across <a href="/wiki/Cluster_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster computing">clusters of machines</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_scaling#Horizontal_(scale_out)_and_vertical_scaling_(scale_up)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal scaling">horizontal scaling</a>), and precise control over data <a href="/wiki/Availability" title="Availability">availability</a>.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-leavitt6&#95;7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leavitt6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite&#95;ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These structures can speed up certain tasks and are often considered more adaptable than fixed database tables.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, many NoSQL systems prioritize speed and availability over strict consistency (per the <a href="/wiki/CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a>), using <a href="/wiki/Eventual_consistency" title="Eventual consistency">eventual consistency</a>—where updates reach all nodes eventually, typically within milliseconds, but may cause brief delays in accessing the latest data, known as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stale_read" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:stale read">stale reads</a>.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While most lack full <a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> transaction support, some, like <a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a>, include it as a key feature.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Barriers_to_adoption">Barriers to adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Barriers to adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Barriers to wider NoSQL adoption include their use of low-level <a href="/wiki/Query_language" title="Query language">query languages</a> instead of SQL, inability to perform ad hoc <a href="/wiki/Join_(SQL)" title="Join (SQL)">joins</a> across tables, lack of standardized interfaces, and significant investments already made in relational databases.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some NoSQL systems risk <a href="/wiki/Data_loss" title="Data loss">losing data</a> through lost writes or other forms, though features like <a href="/wiki/Write-ahead_logging" title="Write-ahead logging">write-ahead logging</a>—a method to record changes before they’re applied—can help prevent this.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite&#95;ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Distributed_transaction_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed transaction processing">distributed transaction processing</a> across multiple databases, keeping data consistent is a challenge for both NoSQL and relational systems, as relational databases cannot enforce rules linking separate databases, and few systems support both <a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> transactions and <a href="/wiki/X/Open_XA" title="X/Open XA">X/Open XA</a> standards for managing distributed updates.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite&#95;ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Limitations within the interface environment are overcome using semantic virtualization protocols, such that NoSQL services are accessible to most <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Last.fm_software_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Last.fm Player"><img alt="Last.fm Player" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Last.fm_software_screenshot.png/250px-Last.fm_software_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Last.fm_software_screenshot.png/500px-Last.fm_software_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Last.fm Player</figcaption></figure>
<p>The term <i>NoSQL</i> was used by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Strozzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo Strozzi">Carlo Strozzi</a> in 1998 to name his lightweight <a href="/wiki/Strozzi_NoSQL_(RDBMS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strozzi NoSQL (RDBMS)">Strozzi NoSQL open-source relational database</a> that did not expose the standard <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">Structured Query Language</a> (SQL) interface, but was still relational.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His NoSQL <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">RDBMS</a> is distinct from the around-2009 general concept of NoSQL databases.  Strozzi suggests that, because the current NoSQL movement "departs from the relational model altogether, it should therefore have been called more appropriately 'NoREL'",<sup id="cite&#95;ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> referring to "not relational".
</p><p>Johan Oskarsson, then a developer at <a href="/wiki/Last.fm" title="Last.fm">Last.fm</a>, reintroduced the term <i>NoSQL</i> in early 2009 when he organized an event to discuss "<a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">distributed, non-relational databases</a>".<sup id="cite&#95;ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The name attempted to label the emergence of an increasing number of non-relational, distributed data stores, including open source clones of Google's <a href="/wiki/Bigtable" title="Bigtable">Bigtable</a>/<a href="/wiki/MapReduce" title="MapReduce">MapReduce</a> and Amazon's <a href="/wiki/Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">DynamoDB</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_examples">Types and examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Types and examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>There are various ways to classify NoSQL databases, with different categories and subcategories, some of which overlap. What follows is a non-exhaustive classification by data model, with examples:<sup id="cite&#95;ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table style="text-align: left;" class="wikitable sortable">

<tbody><tr>
<th>Type</th>
<th>Notable examples of this type
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Key–value cache</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Apache_Ignite" title="Apache Ignite">Apache Ignite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Coherence" title="Oracle Coherence">Coherence</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_WebSphere_eXtreme_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM WebSphere eXtreme Scale">eXtreme Scale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazelcast" title="Hazelcast">Hazelcast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infinispan" title="Infinispan">Infinispan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memcached" title="Memcached">Memcached</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redis" title="Redis">Redis</a>, Velocity
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database">Key–value store</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">Amazon DynamoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerospike_(database)" title="Aerospike (database)">Aerospike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scylla_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scylla (database)">ScyllaDB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Key–value store (eventually consistent)</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_NoSQL_Database" title="Oracle NoSQL Database">Oracle NoSQL Database</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riak" title="Riak">Riak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voldemort_(distributed_data_store)" title="Voldemort (distributed data store)">Voldemort</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Key–value store (ordered)</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/FoundationDB" title="FoundationDB">FoundationDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/InfinityDB" title="InfinityDB">InfinityDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightning_Memory-Mapped_Database" title="Lightning Memory-Mapped Database">LMDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/MemcacheDB" title="MemcacheDB">MemcacheDB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Tuple store</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Jini" title="Jini">Apache River</a>, <a href="/wiki/GigaSpaces" title="GigaSpaces">GigaSpaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarantool" title="Tarantool">Tarantool</a>, <a href="/wiki/TIBCO_Software" title="TIBCO Software">TIBCO</a> ActiveSpaces, <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">OpenLink Virtuoso</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Triplestore" title="Triplestore">Triplestore</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/AllegroGraph" title="AllegroGraph">AllegroGraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/MarkLogic_Server" title="MarkLogic Server">MarkLogic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontotext" title="Ontotext">Ontotext-OWLIM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_NoSQL_Database" title="Oracle NoSQL Database">Oracle NoSQL database</a>, Profium Sense, <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">Virtuoso Universal Server</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Object_database" title="Object database">Object database</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Objectivity/DB" title="Objectivity/DB">Objectivity/DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perst" title="Perst">Perst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zope_Object_Database" title="Zope Object Database">ZODB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Db4o" title="Db4o">db4o</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemstone_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemstone (database)">GemStone/S</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterSystems_Cach%C3%A9" title="InterSystems Caché">InterSystems Caché</a>, <a href="/wiki/JADE_(programming_language)" title="JADE (programming language)">JADE</a>, <a href="/wiki/ObjectDatabase%2B%2B" title="ObjectDatabase++">ObjectDatabase++</a>, <a href="/wiki/ObjectDB" title="ObjectDB">ObjectDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/ObjectStore" title="ObjectStore">ObjectStore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odaba" title="Odaba">ODABA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Realm_(database)" title="Realm (database)">Realm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">OpenLink Virtuoso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versant_Object_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Versant Object Database">Versant Object Database</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" class="mw-redirect" title="Indexed Database API">Indexed Database API</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document store</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/BaseX" title="BaseX">BaseX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clusterpoint" title="Clusterpoint">Clusterpoint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a>, <a href="/wiki/CouchDB" class="mw-redirect" title="CouchDB">CouchDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/DocumentDB" class="mw-redirect" title="DocumentDB">DocumentDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/EXist" title="EXist">eXist-db</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firestore" class="mw-redirect" title="Firestore">Google Cloud Firestore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Notes">IBM Domino</a>, <a href="/wiki/MarkLogic" title="MarkLogic">MarkLogic</a>, <a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/RavenDB" title="RavenDB">RavenDB</a>, Qizx, <a href="/wiki/RethinkDB" title="RethinkDB">RethinkDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elasticsearch" title="Elasticsearch">Elasticsearch</a>, <a href="/wiki/OrientDB" title="OrientDB">OrientDB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">Wide-column store</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">Amazon DynamoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigtable" title="Bigtable">Bigtable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Cassandra" title="Apache Cassandra">Cassandra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Datastore" title="Google Cloud Datastore">Google Cloud Datastore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_HBase" title="Apache HBase">HBase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertable" title="Hypertable">Hypertable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scylla_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scylla (database)">ScyllaDB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Native multi-model database</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/OrientDB" title="OrientDB">OrientDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/MarkLogic_Server" title="MarkLogic Server">MarkLogic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Ignite" title="Apache Ignite">Apache Ignite</a>,<sup id="cite&#95;ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite&#95;ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a>, <a href="/wiki/FoundationDB" title="FoundationDB">FoundationDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle Database</a>, AgensGraph
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/AllegroGraph" title="AllegroGraph">AllegroGraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Giraph" title="Apache Giraph">Apache Giraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/GUN_(graph_database)" title="GUN (graph database)">GUN (Graph Universe Node)</a>, <a href="/wiki/InfiniteGraph" title="InfiniteGraph">InfiniteGraph</a>,  <a href="/wiki/MarkLogic" title="MarkLogic">MarkLogic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo4J" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo4J">Neo4J</a>, <a href="/wiki/OrientDB" title="OrientDB">OrientDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">Virtuoso</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/MultiValue" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiValue">Multivalue database</a>
</td>
<td>D3 <a href="/wiki/Pick_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick database">Pick database</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a> (ESE/NT), <a href="/wiki/InfinityDB" title="InfinityDB">InfinityDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterSystems_Cach%C3%A9" title="InterSystems Caché">InterSystems Caché</a>, jBASE <a href="/wiki/Pick_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick database">Pick database</a>, mvBase <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Software" title="Rocket Software">Rocket Software</a>, mvEnterprise <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Software" title="Rocket Software">Rocket Software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northgate_Information_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Northgate Information Solutions">Northgate Information Solutions</a> Reality (the original Pick/MV Database), OpenQM, Revelation Software's OpenInsight (Windows) and Advanced Revelation (DOS), UniData <a href="/wiki/Rocket_U2" title="Rocket U2">Rocket U2</a>, UniVerse <a href="/wiki/Rocket_U2" title="Rocket U2">Rocket U2</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key–value_store"><span id="Key.E2.80.93value_store"></span>Key–value store</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Key–value store"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1320445320" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database">Key–value database</a></div>
<p>Key–value (KV) stores use the <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">associative array</a> (also called a map or dictionary) as their fundamental data model. In this model, data is represented as a collection of key–value pairs, such that each possible key appears at most once in the collection.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite&#95;ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The key–value model is one of the simplest non-trivial data models, and richer data models are often implemented as an extension of it. The key–value model can be extended to a discretely ordered model that maintains keys in <a href="/wiki/Lexicographical_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographical order">lexicographic order</a>. This extension is computationally powerful, in that it can efficiently retrieve selective key <i>ranges</i>.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Key–value stores can use <a href="/wiki/Consistency_model" title="Consistency model">consistency models</a> ranging from <a href="/wiki/Eventual_consistency" title="Eventual consistency">eventual consistency</a> to <a href="/wiki/Serializability" class="mw-redirect" title="Serializability">serializability</a>. Some databases support ordering of keys. There are various hardware implementations, and some users store data in memory (RAM), while others on <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a> (SSD) or <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">rotating disks</a> (aka hard disk drive (HDD)).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Document_store">Document store</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Document store"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1320445320" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document-oriented database</a> and <a href="/wiki/XML_database" title="XML database">XML database</a></div>
<p>The central concept of a document store is that of a "document". While the details of this definition differ among document-oriented databases, they all assume that documents encapsulate and encode data (or information) in some standard formats or encodings. Encodings in use include <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, <a href="/wiki/YAML" title="YAML">YAML</a>, and <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">binary</a> forms like <a href="/wiki/BSON" title="BSON">BSON</a>. Documents are addressed in the database via a unique <i>key</i> that represents that document. Another defining characteristic of a document-oriented database is an <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> or query language to retrieve documents based on their contents.
</p><p>Different implementations offer different ways of organizing and/or grouping documents:
</p>
<ul><li>Collections</li>
<li>Tags</li>
<li>Non-visible <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a></li>
<li>Directory hierarchies</li></ul>
<p>Compared to relational databases, collections could be considered analogous to tables and documents analogous to records. But they are different – every record in a table has the same sequence of fields, while documents in a collection may have fields that are completely different.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graph">Graph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Graph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1320445320" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a></div>
<p>Graph databases are designed for data whose relations are well represented as a <a href="/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">graph</a> consisting of elements connected by a finite number of relations. Examples of data include <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social relations</a>, public transport links, road maps, network topologies, etc.
</p>
<dl><dt>Graph databases and their query language</dt></dl>
<table style="text-align: left;" class="wikitable sortable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Language(s)</th>
<th>Notes
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>AgensGraph</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Cypher_(query_language)" title="Cypher (query language)">Cypher</a></td>
<td>Multi-model <a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">graph database</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/AllegroGraph" title="AllegroGraph">AllegroGraph</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Neptune" title="Amazon Neptune">Amazon Neptune</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gremlin_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gremlin (programming language)">Gremlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a></td>
<td>AQL, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></td>
<td>Multi-model DBMS <a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a> and <a href="/wiki/Key-value_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Key-value store">Key-value store</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gremlin_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gremlin (programming language)">Gremlin</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/DEX_(Graph_database)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEX (Graph database)">DEX/Sparksee</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/FlockDB" title="FlockDB">FlockDB</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/GUN_(graph_database)" title="GUN (graph database)">GUN (Graph Universe Node)</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store added in DB2 10
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/InfiniteGraph" title="InfiniteGraph">InfiniteGraph</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/JanusGraph" title="JanusGraph">JanusGraph</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/MarkLogic" title="MarkLogic">MarkLogic</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a>, <a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></td>
<td>Multi-model <a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">document database</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Neo4j" title="Neo4j">Neo4j</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Cypher_Query_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypher Query Language">Cypher</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">OpenLink Virtuoso</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Database_engine" title="Database engine">database engine</a> hybrid
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL 1.1</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store added in 11g
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/OrientDB" title="OrientDB">OrientDB</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, SQL</td>
<td>Multi-model <a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">document</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">graph database</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ontotext" title="Ontotext">OWLIM</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL 1.1</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Profium Sense</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Redis" title="Redis">RedisGraph</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Cypher_Query_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypher Query Language">Cypher</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sqrrl" title="Sqrrl">Sqrrl Enterprise</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/TerminusDB" title="TerminusDB">TerminusDB</a>
</td>
<td>JavaScript, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datalog" title="Datalog">datalog</a>
</td>
<td>Open source RDF triple-store and document store<sup id="cite&#95;ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The performance of NoSQL databases is usually evaluated using the metric of <a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a>, which is measured as operations per second. Performance evaluation must pay attention to the right <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">benchmarks</a> such as production configurations, parameters of the databases, anticipated data volume, and concurrent user <a href="/wiki/Workload" title="Workload">workloads</a>.
</p><p>Ben Scofield rated different categories of NoSQL databases as follows:<sup id="cite&#95;ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table style="text-align: left;" class="wikitable sortable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Data model</th>
<th>Performance</th>
<th>Scalability</th>
<th>Flexibility</th>
<th>Complexity</th>
<th>Data integrity</th>
<th>Functionality
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Key–value store</td>
<td>high</td>
<td>high</td>
<td>high</td>
<td>none</td>
<td>low</td>
<td>variable (none)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Column-oriented store</td>
<td>high</td>
<td>high</td>
<td>moderate</td>
<td>low</td>
<td>low</td>
<td>minimal
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Document-oriented store</td>
<td>high</td>
<td>variable (high)</td>
<td>high</td>
<td>low</td>
<td>low</td>
<td>variable (low)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Graph database</td>
<td>variable</td>
<td>variable</td>
<td>high</td>
<td>high</td>
<td>low-med</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph theory</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Relational database</td>
<td>variable</td>
<td>variable</td>
<td>low</td>
<td>moderate</td>
<td>high</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Relational_algebra" title="Relational algebra">relational algebra</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Performance and scalability comparisons are most commonly done using the <a href="/wiki/YCSB" title="YCSB">YCSB</a> benchmark.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Handling_relational_data">Handling relational data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Handling relational data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Since most NoSQL databases lack ability for joins in queries, the <a href="/wiki/Database_schema" title="Database schema">database schema</a> generally needs to be designed differently. There are three main techniques for handling relational data in a NoSQL database. (See <a href="#ACID_and_join_support">table join and ACID support</a> for NoSQL databases that support joins.)
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_queries">Multiple queries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Multiple queries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Instead of retrieving all the data with one query, it is common to do several queries to get the desired data. NoSQL queries are often faster than traditional SQL queries, so the cost of additional queries may be acceptable. If an excessive number of queries would be necessary, one of the other two approaches is more appropriate.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caching,_replication_and_non-normalized_data"><span id="Caching.2C_replication_and_non-normalized_data"></span>Caching, replication and non-normalized data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Caching, replication and non-normalized data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Instead of only storing foreign keys, it is common to store actual foreign values along with the model's data. For example, each blog comment might include the username in addition to a user id, thus providing easy access to the username without requiring another lookup. When a username changes, however, this will now need to be changed in many places in the database. Thus this approach works better when reads are much more common than writes.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-DataModeling-Couchbase.com&#95;November&#95;11&#95;2019c&#95;29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DataModeling-Couchbase.com_November_11_2019c-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nesting_data">Nesting data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Nesting data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>With document databases like MongoDB it is common to put more data in a smaller number of collections. For example, in a blogging application, one might choose to store comments within the blog post document, so that with a single retrieval one gets all the comments. Thus in this approach a single document contains all the data needed for a specific task.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ACID_and_join_support">ACID and join support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: ACID and join support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>A database is marked as supporting <a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> properties (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) or <a href="/wiki/Join_(SQL)" title="Join (SQL)">join</a> operations if the documentation for the database makes that claim. However, this doesn't necessarily mean that the capability is fully supported in a manner similar to most SQL databases.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Database</th>
<th>ACID</th>
<th>Joins
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Aerospike_(database)" title="Aerospike (database)">Aerospike</a></td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>AgensGraph</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Apache_Ignite" title="Apache Ignite">Apache Ignite</a></td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a></td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">Amazon DynamoDB</a></td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a></td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/CouchDB" class="mw-redirect" title="CouchDB">CouchDB</a></td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a></td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/InfinityDB" title="InfinityDB">InfinityDB</a></td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Memory-Mapped_Database" title="Lightning Memory-Mapped Database">LMDB</a></td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/MarkLogic" title="MarkLogic">MarkLogic</a></td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite&#95;ref-MarkLogicJoins&#95;31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkLogicJoins-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a></td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite&#95;ref-MongoDBJoin&#95;33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MongoDBJoin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/OrientDB" title="OrientDB">OrientDB</a></td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite&#95;ref-OrientDBJoin&#95;35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrientDBJoin-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" data-mw-group="nb">
<li id="cite&#95;note-MarkLogicJoins-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MarkLogicJoins_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joins do not necessarily apply to document databases, but MarkLogic can do joins using semantics.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite&#95;note-MongoDBJoin-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MongoDBJoin_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MongoDB did not support joining from a sharded collection until version 5.1.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite&#95;note-OrientDBJoin-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OrientDBJoin_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OrientDB can resolve 1:1 joins using links by storing direct links to foreign records.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Query_optimization_and_indexing_in_NoSQL_databases">Query optimization and indexing in NoSQL databases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Query optimization and indexing in NoSQL databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Different NoSQL databases, such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">DynamoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Cassandra" title="Apache Cassandra">Cassandra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Couchbase_Server" title="Couchbase Server">Couchbase</a>, HBase, and Redis, exhibit varying behaviors when querying non-indexed fields. Many perform full-table or collection scans for such queries, applying filtering operations after retrieving data. However, modern NoSQL databases often incorporate advanced features to optimize query performance. For example, MongoDB supports compound indexes and query-optimization strategies, Cassandra offers secondary indexes and materialized views, and Redis employs custom indexing mechanisms tailored to specific use cases. Systems like Elasticsearch use inverted indexes for efficient text-based searches, but they can still require full scans for non-indexed fields. This behavior reflects the design focus of many NoSQL systems on scalability and efficient key-based operations rather than optimized querying for arbitrary fields. Consequently, while these databases excel at basic <a href="/wiki/Create,_read,_update_and_delete" title="Create, read, update and delete">CRUD</a> operations and key-based lookups, their suitability for complex queries involving joins or non-indexed filtering varies depending on the database type—document, key–value, wide-column, or graph—and the specific implementation.<sup id="cite&#95;ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_object_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of object database management systems">Comparison of object database management systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_structured_storage_software" title="Comparison of structured storage software">Comparison of structured storage software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Database_scalability" title="Database scalability">Database scalability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_cache" title="Distributed cache">Distributed cache</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faceted_search" title="Faceted search">Faceted search</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NoSQL_software_and_tools" title="List of NoSQL software and tools">List of NoSQL software and tools</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MultiValue" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiValue">MultiValue</a> database</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multi-model_database" title="Multi-model database">Multi-model database</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Schema-agnostic_databases" title="Schema-agnostic databases">Schema-agnostic databases</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Triplestore" title="Triplestore">Triplestore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vector_database" title="Vector database">Vector database</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900" /><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: calc( 0.9 * 30em );"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite&#95;note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nosql-database.org/">http://nosql-database.org/</a> "NoSQL DEFINITION: Next Generation Databases mostly addressing some of the points&#160;: being non-relational, distributed, open-source and horizontally scalable".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite&#95;note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1333433106">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/topics/nosql-databases">"What Is a NoSQL Database? | IBM"</a>. <i>www.ibm.com</i>. 12 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.ibm.com&amp;rft.atitle=What+Is+a+NoSQL+Database%3F+%7C+IBM&amp;rft.date=2022-12-12&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Ftopics%2Fnosql-databases&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite&#95;note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/definition/NoSQL-Not-Only-SQL">"NoSQL (Not Only SQL)"</a>. <q>NoSQL database, also called Not Only SQL</q></cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NoSQL+%28Not+Only+SQL%29&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchdatamanagement.techtarget.com%2Fdefinition%2FNoSQL-Not-Only-SQL&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite&#95;note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFFowler" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Fowler_(software_engineer)" title="Martin Fowler (software engineer)">Fowler, Martin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martinfowler.com/bliki/NosqlDefinition.html">"NosqlDefinition"</a>. <q>many advocates of NoSQL say that it does not mean a "no" to SQL, rather it means Not Only SQL</q></cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NosqlDefinition&amp;rft.aulast=Fowler&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fmartinfowler.com%2Fbliki%2FNosqlDefinition.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite&#95;note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFMohan2013" class="citation conference cs1">Mohan, C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openproceedings.eu/2013/conf/edbt/Mohan13.pdf"><i>History Repeats Itself: Sensible and NonsenSQL Aspects of the NoSQL Hoopla</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Proc. 16th Int'l Conf. on Extending Database Technology.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.btitle=History+Repeats+Itself%3A+Sensible+and+NonsenSQL+Aspects+of+the+NoSQL+Hoopla&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.aulast=Mohan&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenproceedings.eu%2F2013%2Fconf%2Fedbt%2FMohan13.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
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<li id="cite&#95;note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFSandy2011" class="citation web cs1">Sandy (14 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dba.stackexchange.com/a/619">"Key Value stores and the NoSQL movement"</a>. Stackexchange<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2012</span>. <q>Key–value stores allow the application developer to store schema-less data. This data usually consists of a string that represents the key, and the actual data that is considered the value in the "key–value" relationship. The data itself is usually some kind of primitive of the programming language (a string, an integer, or an array) or an object that is being marshaled by the programming language's bindings to the key-value store. This structure replaces the need for a fixed data model and allows proper formatting.</q></cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Key+Value+stores+and+the+NoSQL+movement&amp;rft.pub=Stackexchange&amp;rft.date=2011-01-14&amp;rft.au=Sandy&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fdba.stackexchange.com%2Fa%2F619&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite&#95;note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFSeeger2009" class="citation web cs1">Seeger, Marc (21 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.marc-seeger.de/assets/papers/Ultra_Large_Sites_SS09-Seeger_Key_Value_Stores.pdf">"Key-Value Stores: a practical overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Marc Seeger<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2012</span>. <q>Key–value stores provide a high-performance alternative to relational database systems with respect to storing and accessing data. This paper provides a short overview of some of the currently available key–value stores and their interface to the Ruby programming language.</q></cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Key-Value+Stores%3A+a+practical+overview&amp;rft.pub=Marc+Seeger&amp;rft.date=2009-09-21&amp;rft.aulast=Seeger&amp;rft.aufirst=Marc&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.marc-seeger.de%2Fassets%2Fpapers%2FUltra&#95;Large&#95;Sites&#95;SS09-Seeger&#95;Key&#95;Value&#95;Stores.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite&#95;note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFKatsov2012" class="citation web cs1">Katsov, Ilya (1 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://highlyscalable.wordpress.com/2012/03/01/nosql-data-modeling-techniques/">"NoSQL Data Modeling Techniques"</a>. Ilya Katsov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NoSQL+Data+Modeling+Techniques&amp;rft.pub=Ilya+Katsov&amp;rft.date=2012-03-01&amp;rft.aulast=Katsov&amp;rft.aufirst=Ilya&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fhighlyscalable.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F03%2F01%2Fnosql-data-modeling-techniques%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite&#95;note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terminusdb.com/products/terminusdb/">"TerminusDB an open-source in-memory document graph database"</a>. <i>terminusdb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=terminusdb.com&amp;rft.atitle=TerminusDB+an+open-source+in-memory+document+graph+database&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fterminusdb.com%2Fproducts%2Fterminusdb%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite&#95;note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFScofield2010" class="citation web cs1">Scofield, Ben (14 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/bscofield/nosql-codemash-2010">"NoSQL - Death to Relational Databases(?)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NoSQL+-+Death+to+Relational+Databases%28%3F%29&amp;rft.date=2010-01-14&amp;rft.aulast=Scofield&amp;rft.aufirst=Ben&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fbscofield%2Fnosql-codemash-2010&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite&#95;note-DataModeling-Couchbase.com&#95;November&#95;11&#95;2019c-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DataModeling-Couchbase.com_November_11_2019c_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.couchbase.com/c/relational-no-sql-wp?x=3-FqHm">"Moving From Relational to NoSQL: How to Get Started"</a>. <i>Couchbase.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Couchbase.com&amp;rft.atitle=Moving+From+Relational+to+NoSQL%3A+How+to+Get+Started&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.couchbase.com%2Fc%2Frelational-no-sql-wp%3Fx%3D3-FqHm&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite&#95;note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303200231/http://gennet.com/big-data/cant-joins-marklogic-just-matter-semantics/">"Can't do joins with MarkLogic? It's just a matter of Semantics! - General Networks"</a>. <i>Gennet.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gennet.com/big-data/cant-joins-marklogic-just-matter-semantics/">the original</a> on 3 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Gennet.com&amp;rft.atitle=Can%27t+do+joins+with+MarkLogic%3F+It%27s+just+a+matter+of+Semantics%21+-+General+Networks&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gennet.com%2Fbig-data%2Fcant-joins-marklogic-just-matter-semantics%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite&#95;note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/lookup/#sharded-collection-restrictions">"Sharded Collection Restrictions"</a>. <i>docs.mongodb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.mongodb.com&amp;rft.atitle=Sharded+Collection+Restrictions&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.mongodb.com%2Fmanual%2Freference%2Foperator%2Faggregation%2Flookup%2F%23sharded-collection-restrictions&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite&#95;note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orientdb.com/docs/2.2.x/SQL.html#joins">"SQL Reference · OrientDB Manual"</a>. <i>OrientDB.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=OrientDB.com&amp;rft.atitle=SQL+Reference+%C2%B7+OrientDB+Manual&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Forientdb.com%2Fdocs%2F2.2.x%2FSQL.html%23joins&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite&#95;note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFSullivan" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Dan. <i>NoSQL for Mere Mortals</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0134023212" title="Special:BookSources/978-0134023212"><bdi>978-0134023212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=NoSQL+for+Mere+Mortals&amp;rft.isbn=978-0134023212&amp;rft.aulast=Sullivan&amp;rft.aufirst=Dan&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFSadalageFowler2012" class="citation book cs1">Sadalage, Pramod; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Fowler_(software_engineer)" title="Martin Fowler (software engineer)">Fowler, Martin</a> (2012). <i>NoSQL Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Emerging World of Polyglot Persistence</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-82662-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-82662-6"><bdi>978-0-321-82662-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=NoSQL+Distilled%3A+A+Brief+Guide+to+the+Emerging+World+of+Polyglot+Persistence&amp;rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-321-82662-6&amp;rft.aulast=Sadalage&amp;rft.aufirst=Pramod&amp;rft.au=Fowler%2C+Martin&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCrearyKelly2013" class="citation book cs1">McCreary, Dan; Kelly, Ann (2013). <i>Making Sense of NoSQL: A guide for managers and the rest of us</i>. Manning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781617291074" title="Special:BookSources/9781617291074"><bdi>9781617291074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+NoSQL%3A+A+guide+for+managers+and+the+rest+of+us&amp;rft.pub=Manning&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=9781617291074&amp;rft.aulast=McCreary&amp;rft.aufirst=Dan&amp;rft.au=Kelly%2C+Ann&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFWiese2015" class="citation book cs1">Wiese, Lena (2015). <i>Advanced Data Management for SQL, NoSQL, Cloud and Distributed Databases</i>. DeGruyter/Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-044140-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-044140-6"><bdi>978-3-11-044140-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Advanced+Data+Management+for+SQL%2C+NoSQL%2C+Cloud+and+Distributed+Databases&amp;rft.pub=DeGruyter%2FOldenbourg&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-11-044140-6&amp;rft.aulast=Wiese&amp;rft.aufirst=Lena&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFStrauch2012" class="citation web cs1">Strauch, Christof (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christof-strauch.de/nosqldbs.pdf">"NoSQL Databases"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NoSQL+Databases&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.aulast=Strauch&amp;rft.aufirst=Christof&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christof-strauch.de%2Fnosqldbs.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFMoniruzzamanHossain2013" class="citation arxiv cs1">Moniruzzaman, A. B.; Hossain, S. A. (2013). "NoSQL Database: New Era of Databases for Big data Analytics - Classification, Characteristics and Comparison". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1307.0191">1307.0191</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.DB">cs.DB</a>].</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=preprint&amp;rft.jtitle=arXiv&amp;rft.atitle=NoSQL+Database%3A+New+Era+of+Databases+for+Big+data+Analytics+-+Classification%2C+Characteristics+and+Comparison&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1307.0191&amp;rft.aulast=Moniruzzaman&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+B.&amp;rft.au=Hossain%2C+S.+A.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFOrend2013" class="citation citeseerx cs1">Orend, Kai (2013). "Analysis and Classification of NoSQL Databases and Evaluation of their Ability to Replace an Object-relational Persistence Layer". <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.184.483">10.1.1.184.483</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=preprint&amp;rft.jtitle=CiteSeerX&amp;rft.atitle=Analysis+and+Classification+of+NoSQL+Databases+and+Evaluation+of+their+Ability+to+Replace+an+Object-relational+Persistence+Layer&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.184.483%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&amp;rft.aulast=Orend&amp;rft.aufirst=Kai&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFKrishnanKulkarniDadbhawala" class="citation web cs1">Krishnan, Ganesh; Kulkarni, Sarang; Dadbhawala, Dharmesh Kirit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US7383272?oq=ganesh+krishnan">"Method and system for versioned sharing, consolidating and reporting information"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Method+and+system+for+versioned+sharing%2C+consolidating+and+reporting+information&amp;rft.aulast=Krishnan&amp;rft.aufirst=Ganesh&amp;rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+Sarang&amp;rft.au=Dadbhawala%2C+Dharmesh+Kirit&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS7383272%3Foq%3Dganesh%2Bkrishnan&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFStrauch" class="citation web cs1">Strauch, Christof. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christof-strauch.de/nosqldbs.pdf">"NoSQL whitepaper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Stuttgart: Hochschule der Medien.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NoSQL+whitepaper&amp;rft.place=Stuttgart&amp;rft.pub=Hochschule+der+Medien&amp;rft.aulast=Strauch&amp;rft.aufirst=Christof&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christof-strauch.de%2Fnosqldbs.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFEdlich" class="citation web cs1">Edlich, Stefan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nosql-database.org/">"NoSQL database List"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NoSQL+database+List&amp;rft.aulast=Edlich&amp;rft.aufirst=Stefan&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fnosql-database.org%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFNeubauer2010" class="citation web cs1">Neubauer, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoq.com/articles/graph-nosql-neo4j">"Graph Databases, NOSQL and Neo4j"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Graph+Databases%2C+NOSQL+and+Neo4j&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Neubauer&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Farticles%2Fgraph-nosql-neo4j&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFBushik2012" class="citation web cs1">Bushik, Sergey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.networkworld.com/article/665327/tech-primers-a-vendor-independent-comparison-of-nosql-databases-cassandra-hbase-mongodb-riak.html">"A vendor-independent comparison of NoSQL databases: Cassandra, HBase, MongoDB, Riak"</a>. NetworkWorld.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=A+vendor-independent+comparison+of+NoSQL+databases%3A+Cassandra%2C+HBase%2C+MongoDB%2C+Riak&amp;rft.pub=NetworkWorld&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.aulast=Bushik&amp;rft.aufirst=Sergey&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F665327%2Ftech-primers-a-vendor-independent-comparison-of-nosql-databases-cassandra-hbase-mongodb-riak.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" /><cite id="CITEREFZicari2014" class="citation web cs1">Zicari, Roberto V. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odbms.org/category/downloads/nosql-data-stores/nosql-data-stores-articles/">"NoSQL Data Stores – Articles, Papers, Presentations"</a>. <i>odbms.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=odbms.org&amp;rft.atitle=NoSQL+Data+Stores+%E2%80%93+Articles%2C+Papers%2C+Presentations&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.aulast=Zicari&amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto+V.&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odbms.org%2Fcategory%2Fdownloads%2Fnosql-data-stores%2Fnosql-data-stores-articles%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_database" title="Object database">Object-oriented</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_object_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of object database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="List of relational database management systems">list</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of relational database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database">Key–value</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Column-oriented_DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Column-oriented DBMS">Column-oriented</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_column-oriented_DBMSes" title="List of column-oriented DBMSes">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document-oriented</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">Wide-column store</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NoSQL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NewSQL" title="NewSQL">NewSQL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">In-memory</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_in-memory_databases" title="List of in-memory databases">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multi-model_database" title="Multi-model database">Multi-model</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_multi-model_databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of multi-model databases">comparison</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">Cloud</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blockchain-based_database&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Blockchain-based database (page does not exist)">Blockchain-based database</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong%27s_axioms" title="Armstrong&#39;s axioms">Armstrong's axioms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Codd%27s_12_rules" title="Codd&#39;s 12 rules">Codd's 12 rules</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Create,_read,_update_and_delete" title="Create, read, update and delete">CRUD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Null_(SQL)" title="Null (SQL)">Null</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_key" title="Candidate key">Candidate key</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_key" title="Foreign key">Foreign key</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PACELC_design_principle" title="PACELC design principle">PACELC design principle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Superkey" title="Superkey">Superkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surrogate_key" title="Surrogate key">Surrogate key</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unique_key" title="Unique key">Unique key</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relation_(database)" title="Relation (database)">Relation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">table</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">column</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Row_(database)" title="Row (database)">row</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/View_(SQL)" title="View (SQL)">View</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">Transaction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transaction_log" title="Transaction log">Transaction log</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Database_trigger" title="Database trigger">Trigger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Database_index" title="Database index">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">Stored procedure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cursor_(databases)" title="Cursor (databases)">Cursor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(database)" title="Partition (database)">Partition</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_control" title="Concurrency control">Concurrency control</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">Data dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Java_Database_Connectivity" title="Java Database Connectivity">JDBC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/XQuery_API_for_Java" title="XQuery API for Java">XQJ</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_Database_Connectivity" title="Open Database Connectivity">ODBC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Query_language" title="Query language">Query language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimizer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Query_Rewriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Query Rewriting">Query rewriting system</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Query_plan" title="Query plan">Query plan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database_administration" title="Database administration">Administration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Replication_(computing)#DATABASE" title="Replication (computing)">Replication</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)">Sharding</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database_model" title="Database model">Database models</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">Database normalization</a></li>
<li>Database storage</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">Distributed database</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federated_database_system" title="Federated database system">Federated database system</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Referential_integrity" title="Referential integrity">Referential integrity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relational_algebra" title="Relational algebra">Relational algebra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relational_calculus" title="Relational calculus">Relational calculus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93relational_database" title="Object–relational database">Object–relational database</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">Transaction processing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SQL_software_and_tools" title="List of SQL software and tools">List of SQL software and tools</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Database_management_systems" title="Category:Database management systems">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_databases" title="Outline of databases">Outline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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