/* Copyright (c) 2001, 2025, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 2.0,
   as published by the Free Software Foundation.

   This program is designed to work with certain software (including
   but not limited to OpenSSL) that is licensed under separate terms,
   as designated in a particular file or component or in included license
   documentation.  The authors of MySQL hereby grant you an additional
   permission to link the program and your derivative works with the
   separately licensed software that they have either included with
   the program or referenced in the documentation.

   Without limiting anything contained in the foregoing, this file,
   which is part of C Driver for MySQL (Connector/C), is also subject to the
   Universal FOSS Exception, version 1.0, a copy of which can be found at
   http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/universal-foss-exception.

   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU General Public License, version 2.0, for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
   Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301  USA */

/**
  @file mysys/stacktrace.cc
*/

#include "my_config.h"

#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <cerrno>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <string_view>
#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__sun) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#ifdef HAVE_EXT_BACKTRACE
#include <backtrace/stacktrace.hpp>
#endif
#endif
#include <ctime>

#include <algorithm>
#include <cinttypes>
#include <iterator>

#include "my_inttypes.h"
#include "my_stacktrace.h"
#include "template_utils.h"  // IWYU pragma: keep

#ifndef _WIN32
#include <csignal>

#include "my_thread.h"
#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <unistd.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STACKTRACE

#ifdef __linux__
#include <cctype> /* isprint */
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_EXECINFO_H
#include <execinfo.h>  // IWYU pragma: keep
#endif

#ifdef __FreeBSD__
#define UNW_LOCAL_ONLY
#include <libunwind.h>
#endif

#ifdef __linux__
/* __bss_start doesn't seem to work on FreeBSD and doesn't exist on OSX/Solaris.
 */
static const char *heap_start;
extern char *__bss_start;
#endif /* __linux */

static inline bool ptr_sane(const char *p [[maybe_unused]],
                            const char *heap_end [[maybe_unused]]) {
#ifdef __linux__
  return p && p >= heap_start && p <= heap_end;
#else
  return true;
#endif
}

void my_init_stacktrace() {
#ifdef __linux__
  heap_start = (char *)&__bss_start;
#endif /* __linux__ */
}

#ifdef __linux__

static void print_buffer(char *buffer, size_t count) {
  const char s[] = " ";
  for (; count && *buffer; --count) {
    my_write_stderr(isprint(*buffer) ? buffer : s, 1);
    ++buffer;
  }
}

/**
  Access the pages of this process through /proc/self/task/<tid>/mem
  in order to safely print the contents of a memory address range.

  @param  addr      The address at the start of the memory region.
  @param  max_len   The length of the memory region.

  @return Zero on success.
*/
static int safe_print_str(const char *addr, int max_len) {
  int fd;
  pid_t tid;
  off_t offset;
  ssize_t nbytes = 0;
  size_t total, count;
  char buf[256];

  tid = (pid_t)syscall(SYS_gettid);

  sprintf(buf, "/proc/self/task/%d/mem", tid);

  if ((fd = open(buf, O_RDONLY)) < 0) return -1;

  static_assert(sizeof(off_t) >= sizeof(intptr),
                "off_t needs to be able to hold a pointer.");

  total = max_len;
  offset = (intptr)addr;

  /* Read up to the maximum number of bytes. */
  while (total) {
    count = std::min(sizeof(buf), total);

    if ((nbytes = pread(fd, buf, count, offset)) < 0) {
      /* Just in case... */
      if (errno == EINTR) continue;
      break;
    }

    /* Advance offset into memory. */
    total -= nbytes;
    offset += nbytes;
    addr += nbytes;

    /* Output the printable characters. */
    print_buffer(buf, nbytes);

    /* Break if less than requested... */
    if ((count - nbytes)) break;
  }

  /* Output a new line if something was printed. */
  if (total != (size_t)max_len) my_safe_printf_stderr("%s", "\n");

  if (nbytes == -1) my_safe_printf_stderr("Can't read from address %p\n", addr);

  close(fd);

  return 0;
}

#endif /* __linux __ */

void my_safe_puts_stderr(const char *val, size_t max_len) {
  const char *heap_end = nullptr;
#ifdef __linux__
  if (!safe_print_str(val, max_len)) return;

  /* Only needed by the linux version of ptr_sane() */
  heap_end = static_cast<const char *>(sbrk(0));
#endif

  if (!ptr_sane(val, heap_end)) {
    my_safe_printf_stderr("%s", "is an invalid pointer\n");
    return;
  }

  for (; max_len && ptr_sane(val, heap_end) && *val; --max_len)
    my_write_stderr((val++), 1);
  my_safe_printf_stderr("%s", "\n");
}

#ifdef HAVE_EXT_BACKTRACE
static size_t my_write_stderr(const std::string_view &sv) {
  return my_write_stderr(std::data(sv), std::size(sv));
}

void my_print_stacktrace(const uchar *stack_bottom, ulong thread_stack) {
  my_safe_printf_stderr("stack_bottom = %p thread_stack 0x%lx\n", stack_bottom,
                        thread_stack);

  struct cookie_t {
    int index;
  };
  auto print_callback = [](void *cookie, uintptr_t pc, const char *filename,
                           int lineno, const char *function) {
    auto idx = static_cast<cookie_t *>(cookie)->index++;
    my_safe_printf_stderr(" #%d 0x%lx ", idx, (unsigned long)pc);
    my_write_stderr(function == nullptr ? "<unknown>" : function);
    if (filename != nullptr) {
      std::string_view filename_sv{filename};
      constexpr std::string_view parent_dir{"../"};
      if (auto pos = filename_sv.rfind(parent_dir);
          pos != std::string_view::npos) {
        filename_sv.remove_prefix(pos + std::size(parent_dir));
      }
      constexpr std::string_view mysql_dir{"mysql/"};
      if (auto pos = filename_sv.find(mysql_dir);
          pos != std::string_view::npos) {
        filename_sv.remove_prefix(pos + std::size(mysql_dir));
      }
      my_write_stderr(" at ");
      my_write_stderr(filename_sv);
      my_safe_printf_stderr(":%d", lineno);
    }
    my_write_stderr("\n");

    return 0;
  };
  auto error_callback = [](void *, const char *msg, int errnum) {
    my_safe_printf_stderr("libbacktrace: %s", msg);
    if (errnum > 0) my_safe_printf_stderr(": %d", errnum);
    my_safe_printf_stderr("\n");
  };
  cookie_t cookie{.index = 0};
  stacktrace::full(1, print_callback, error_callback, &cookie);
}
#elif defined(HAVE_BACKTRACE)

#ifdef HAVE_ABI_CXA_DEMANGLE

#include <cxxabi.h>

static char *my_demangle(const char *mangled_name, int *status) {
  return abi::__cxa_demangle(mangled_name, nullptr, nullptr, status);
}

static bool my_demangle_symbol(char *line) {
  char *demangled = nullptr;
#ifdef __APPLE__  // OS X formatting of stacktraces is different from Linux
  char *begin = strstr(line, "_Z");
  char *end = begin ? strchr(begin, ' ') : nullptr;

  if (begin && end) {
    begin[-1] = '\0';
    *end = '\0';
    int status;
    demangled = my_demangle(begin, &status);
    if (!demangled || status) {
      demangled = nullptr;
      begin[-1] = '_';
      *end = ' ';
    }
  }
  if (demangled) my_safe_printf_stderr("%s %s %s\n", line, demangled, end + 1);
#else             // !__APPLE__
  char *begin = strchr(line, '(');
  char *end = begin ? strchr(begin, '+') : nullptr;

  if (begin && end) {
    *begin++ = *end++ = '\0';
    int status;
    demangled = my_demangle(begin, &status);
    if (!demangled || status) {
      demangled = nullptr;
      begin[-1] = '(';
      end[-1] = '+';
    }
  }
  if (demangled) my_safe_printf_stderr("%s(%s+%s\n", line, demangled, end);
#endif
  bool ret = (demangled == nullptr);
  free(demangled);
  return (ret);
}

// If it does not start with "_Z" it is a C function, and demangling fails.
// Print the original line, with modifications done by my_demangle_symbol().
static void my_demangle_symbols(char **addrs, int n) {
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (my_demangle_symbol(addrs[i]))  // demangling failed
      my_safe_printf_stderr("%s\n", addrs[i]);
  }
}

#endif /* HAVE_ABI_CXA_DEMANGLE */

void my_print_stacktrace(const uchar *stack_bottom, ulong thread_stack) {
#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
  static char procname_buffer[2048];
  unw_cursor_t cursor;
  unw_context_t uc;
  unw_word_t ip;

  unw_getcontext(&uc);
  unw_init_local(&cursor, &uc);
  unw_word_t offp;
  while (unw_step(&cursor) > 0) {
    unw_get_reg(&cursor, UNW_REG_IP, &ip);
    unw_get_proc_name(&cursor, procname_buffer, sizeof(procname_buffer), &offp);
    int status;
    char *demangled = my_demangle(procname_buffer, &status);
    my_safe_printf_stderr("[0x%lx] %s+0x%lx\n", ip,
                          demangled ? demangled : procname_buffer, offp);
    if (demangled) free(demangled);
  }
#endif
  void *addrs[128];
  char **strings = nullptr;
  int n = backtrace(addrs, array_elements(addrs));
  my_safe_printf_stderr("stack_bottom = %p thread_stack 0x%lx\n", stack_bottom,
                        thread_stack);
#ifdef HAVE_ABI_CXA_DEMANGLE
  if ((strings = backtrace_symbols(addrs, n))) {
    my_demangle_symbols(strings, n);
    free(strings);
  }
#endif
  if (!strings) {
    backtrace_symbols_fd(addrs, n, fileno(stderr));
  }
}
#endif /* HAVE_EXT_BACKTRACE || HAVE_BACKTRACE */
#endif /* HAVE_STACKTRACE */

/* Produce a core for the thread */
void my_write_core(int sig) {
  signal(sig, SIG_DFL);
  pthread_kill(my_thread_self(), sig);
#if defined(P_MYID)
  /* On Solaris, the above kill is not enough */
  sigsend(P_PID, P_MYID, sig);
#endif
}

#else /* _WIN32*/

#include <dbghelp.h>
#include <tlhelp32.h>
#if _MSC_VER
#pragma comment(lib, "dbghelp")
#endif

static thread_local EXCEPTION_POINTERS *exception_ptrs;

#define MODULE64_SIZE_WINXP 576
#define STACKWALK_MAX_FRAMES 64

void my_init_stacktrace() {}

void my_set_exception_pointers(EXCEPTION_POINTERS *ep) { exception_ptrs = ep; }

/*
  Appends directory to symbol path.
*/
static void add_to_symbol_path(char *path, size_t path_buffer_size, char *dir,
                               size_t dir_buffer_size) {
  strcat_s(dir, dir_buffer_size, ";");
  if (!strstr(path, dir)) {
    strcat_s(path, path_buffer_size, dir);
  }
}

/*
  Get symbol path - semicolon-separated list of directories to search for debug
  symbols. We expect PDB in the same directory as corresponding exe or dll,
  so the path is build from directories of the loaded modules. If environment
  variable _NT_SYMBOL_PATH is set, it's value appended to the symbol search path
*/
static void get_symbol_path(char *path, size_t size) {
  HANDLE hSnap;
  char *envvar;
  char *p;
#ifndef NDEBUG
  static char pdb_debug_dir[MAX_PATH + 7];
#endif

  path[0] = '\0';

#ifndef NDEBUG
  /*
    Add "debug" subdirectory of the application directory, sometimes PDB will
    placed here by installation.
  */
  GetModuleFileName(nullptr, pdb_debug_dir, MAX_PATH);
  p = strrchr(pdb_debug_dir, '\\');
  if (p) {
    *p = 0;
    strcat_s(pdb_debug_dir, sizeof(pdb_debug_dir), "\\debug;");
    add_to_symbol_path(path, size, pdb_debug_dir, sizeof(pdb_debug_dir));
  }
#endif

  /*
    Enumerate all modules, and add their directories to the path.
    Avoid duplicate entries.
  */
  hSnap = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPMODULE, GetCurrentProcessId());
  if (hSnap != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
    BOOL ret;
    MODULEENTRY32 mod;
    mod.dwSize = sizeof(MODULEENTRY32);
    for (ret = Module32First(hSnap, &mod); ret;
         ret = Module32Next(hSnap, &mod)) {
      char *module_dir = mod.szExePath;
      p = strrchr(module_dir, '\\');
      if (!p) {
        /*
          Path separator was not found. Not known to happen, if ever happens,
          will indicate current directory.
        */
        module_dir[0] = '.';
        module_dir[1] = '\0';
      } else {
        *p = '\0';
      }
      add_to_symbol_path(path, size, module_dir, sizeof(mod.szExePath));
    }
    CloseHandle(hSnap);
  }

  /* Add _NT_SYMBOL_PATH, if present. */
  envvar = getenv("_NT_SYMBOL_PATH");
  if (envvar) {
    strcat_s(path, size, envvar);
  }
}

#define MAX_SYMBOL_PATH 32768

/* Platform SDK in VS2003 does not have definition for SYMOPT_NO_PROMPTS*/
#ifndef SYMOPT_NO_PROMPTS
#define SYMOPT_NO_PROMPTS 0
#endif

void my_print_stacktrace(const uchar * /* stack_bottom */,
                         ulong /* thread_stack */) {
  HANDLE hProcess = GetCurrentProcess();
  HANDLE hThread = GetCurrentThread();
  static IMAGEHLP_MODULE64 module{};
  module.SizeOfStruct = sizeof(module);

  static IMAGEHLP_SYMBOL64_PACKAGE package;
  DWORD64 addr;
  DWORD machine;
  int i;
  CONTEXT context;
  STACKFRAME64 frame{};
  static char symbol_path[MAX_SYMBOL_PATH];

  if (exception_ptrs) {
    /* Copy context, as stackwalking on original will unwind the stack */
    context = *(exception_ptrs->ContextRecord);
  } else {
    /*
      We are to print stack outside the signal handler, let's just capture the
      current context.
    */
    RtlCaptureContext(&context);
  }

  /*Initialize symbols.*/
  SymSetOptions(SYMOPT_LOAD_LINES | SYMOPT_NO_PROMPTS | SYMOPT_DEFERRED_LOADS |
                SYMOPT_DEBUG);
  get_symbol_path(symbol_path, sizeof(symbol_path));
  SymInitialize(hProcess, symbol_path, true);

  /*Prepare stackframe for the first StackWalk64 call*/
  frame.AddrFrame.Mode = frame.AddrPC.Mode = frame.AddrStack.Mode =
      AddrModeFlat;
#if (defined _M_IX86)
  machine = IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_I386;
  frame.AddrFrame.Offset = context.Ebp;
  frame.AddrPC.Offset = context.Eip;
  frame.AddrStack.Offset = context.Esp;
#elif (defined _M_X64)
  machine = IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_AMD64;
  frame.AddrFrame.Offset = context.Rbp;
  frame.AddrPC.Offset = context.Rip;
  frame.AddrStack.Offset = context.Rsp;
#else
  /*There is currently no need to support IA64*/
  /* Warning C4068: unknown pragma 'error' */
#pragma error("unsupported architecture")
#endif

  package.sym.SizeOfStruct = sizeof(package.sym);
  package.sym.MaxNameLength = sizeof(package.name);

  /*Walk the stack, output useful information*/
  for (i = 0; i < STACKWALK_MAX_FRAMES; i++) {
    DWORD64 function_offset = 0;
    DWORD line_offset = 0;
    IMAGEHLP_LINE64 line{};
    line.SizeOfStruct = sizeof(line);

    BOOL have_module = false;
    BOOL have_symbol = false;
    BOOL have_source = false;

    if (!StackWalk64(machine, hProcess, hThread, &frame, &context, nullptr,
                     nullptr, nullptr, nullptr))
      break;
    addr = frame.AddrPC.Offset;

    have_module = SymGetModuleInfo64(hProcess, addr, &module);
    have_symbol =
        SymGetSymFromAddr64(hProcess, addr, &function_offset, &(package.sym));
    have_source = SymGetLineFromAddr64(hProcess, addr, &line_offset, &line);

    my_safe_printf_stderr("%llx    ", addr);
    if (have_module) {
      char *base_image_name = strrchr(module.ImageName, '\\');
      if (base_image_name)
        base_image_name++;
      else
        base_image_name = module.ImageName;
      my_safe_printf_stderr("%s!", base_image_name);
    }
    if (have_symbol)
      my_safe_printf_stderr("%s()", package.sym.Name);

    else if (have_module)
      my_safe_printf_stderr("%s", "???");

    if (have_source) {
      char *base_file_name = strrchr(line.FileName, '\\');
      if (base_file_name)
        base_file_name++;
      else
        base_file_name = line.FileName;
      my_safe_printf_stderr("[%s:%lu]", base_file_name, line.LineNumber);
    }
    my_safe_printf_stderr("%s", "\n");
  }
}

/*
  Write dump. The dump is created in current directory,
  file name is constructed from executable name plus
  ".dmp" extension
*/
void my_write_core(int /* sig */) {
  char path[MAX_PATH];
  // See comment below for clarification about size of dump_fname
  char dump_fname[MAX_PATH + 1 + 10 + 4 + 1] = "core.dmp";

  if (!exception_ptrs) return;

  if (GetModuleFileName(nullptr, path, sizeof(path))) {
    char module_name[MAX_PATH];
    _splitpath(path, nullptr, nullptr, module_name, nullptr);
    // max length of a value being placed to dump_fname is
    // MAX_PATH + 1 byte for '.' + up to 10 bytes for string
    // representation of DWORD value + 4 bytes for .dmp suffix +
    // 1 byte for termitated \0. Such size of output buffer guarantees
    // that there is enough space to place a result of string formatting
    // performed by snprintf().
    snprintf(dump_fname, sizeof(dump_fname), "%s.%lu.dmp", module_name,
             GetCurrentProcessId());
  }
  my_create_minidump(dump_fname, nullptr, 0);
}

/** Create a minidump.
  @param name    path of minidump file.
  @param process HANDLE to process. (0 for own process).
  @param pid     Process id.
*/

void my_create_minidump(const char *name, HANDLE process, DWORD pid) {
  char path[MAX_PATH];
  MINIDUMP_EXCEPTION_INFORMATION info;
  PMINIDUMP_EXCEPTION_INFORMATION info_ptr = nullptr;
  HANDLE hFile;

  if (process == nullptr) {
    /* Does not need to CloseHandle() for the below. */
    process = GetCurrentProcess();
    pid = GetCurrentProcessId();
    info.ExceptionPointers = exception_ptrs;
    info.ClientPointers = false;
    info.ThreadId = GetCurrentThreadId();
    info_ptr = &info;
  }

  hFile = CreateFile(name, GENERIC_WRITE, 0, nullptr, CREATE_ALWAYS,
                     FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, nullptr);
  if (hFile) {
    const MINIDUMP_TYPE mdt =
        (MINIDUMP_TYPE)(MiniDumpNormal | MiniDumpWithThreadInfo |
                        MiniDumpWithProcessThreadData);
    /* Create minidump, use info only if same process. */
    if (MiniDumpWriteDump(process, pid, hFile, mdt, info_ptr, nullptr,
                          nullptr)) {
      my_safe_printf_stderr("Minidump written to %s\n",
                            _fullpath(path, name, sizeof(path)) ? path : name);
    } else {
      my_safe_printf_stderr("MiniDumpWriteDump() failed, last error %lu\n",
                            GetLastError());
    }
    CloseHandle(hFile);
  } else {
    my_safe_printf_stderr("CreateFile(%s) failed, last error %lu\n", name,
                          GetLastError());
  }
}

void my_safe_puts_stderr(const char *val, size_t len) {
  __try {
    my_write_stderr(val, len);
    my_safe_printf_stderr("%s", "\n");
  } __except (EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER) {
    my_safe_printf_stderr("%s", "is an invalid string pointer\n");
  }
}
#endif /* _WIN32 */

#ifdef _WIN32
size_t my_write_stderr(const void *buf, size_t count) {
  DWORD bytes_written;
  SetFilePointer(GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE), 0, nullptr, FILE_END);
  WriteFile(GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE), buf, (DWORD)count, &bytes_written,
            nullptr);
  return bytes_written;
}
#else
size_t my_write_stderr(const void *buf, size_t count) {
  return (size_t)write(STDERR_FILENO, buf, count);
}
#endif

static const char digits[] = "0123456789abcdef";

char *my_safe_utoa(int base, ulonglong val, char *buf) {
  *buf-- = 0;
  do {
    *buf-- = digits[val % base];
  } while ((val /= base) != 0);
  return buf + 1;
}

char *my_safe_itoa(int base, longlong val, char *buf) {
  char *orig_buf = buf;
  const bool is_neg = (val < 0);
  *buf-- = 0;

  if (is_neg) val = -val;
  if (is_neg && base == 16) {
    int ix;
    val -= 1;
    for (ix = 0; ix < 16; ++ix) buf[-ix] = '0';
  }

  do {
    *buf-- = digits[val % base];
  } while ((val /= base) != 0);

  if (is_neg && base == 10) *buf-- = '-';

  if (is_neg && base == 16) {
    int ix;
    buf = orig_buf - 1;
    for (ix = 0; ix < 16; ++ix, --buf) {
      switch (*buf) {
        case '0':
          *buf = 'f';
          break;
        case '1':
          *buf = 'e';
          break;
        case '2':
          *buf = 'd';
          break;
        case '3':
          *buf = 'c';
          break;
        case '4':
          *buf = 'b';
          break;
        case '5':
          *buf = 'a';
          break;
        case '6':
          *buf = '9';
          break;
        case '7':
          *buf = '8';
          break;
        case '8':
          *buf = '7';
          break;
        case '9':
          *buf = '6';
          break;
        case 'a':
          *buf = '5';
          break;
        case 'b':
          *buf = '4';
          break;
        case 'c':
          *buf = '3';
          break;
        case 'd':
          *buf = '2';
          break;
        case 'e':
          *buf = '1';
          break;
        case 'f':
          *buf = '0';
          break;
      }
    }
  }
  return buf + 1;
}

static const char *check_longlong(const char *fmt, bool *have_longlong) {
  *have_longlong = false;
  if (*fmt == 'l') {
    fmt++;
    if (*fmt != 'l')
      *have_longlong = (sizeof(long) == sizeof(longlong));
    else {
      fmt++;
      *have_longlong = true;
    }
  }
  return fmt;
}

static size_t my_safe_vsnprintf(char *to, size_t size, const char *format,
                                va_list ap) {
  char *start = to;
  char *end = start + size - 1;
  for (; *format; ++format) {
    bool have_longlong = false;
    if (*format != '%') {
      if (to == end) /* end of buffer */
        break;
      *to++ = *format; /* copy ordinary char */
      continue;
    }
    ++format; /* skip '%' */

    format = check_longlong(format, &have_longlong);

    switch (*format) {
      case 'd':
      case 'i':
      case 'u':
      case 'x':
      case 'p': {
        longlong ival = 0;
        ulonglong uval = 0;
        if (*format == 'p')
          have_longlong = (sizeof(void *) == sizeof(longlong));
        if (have_longlong) {
          if (*format == 'u')
            uval = va_arg(ap, ulonglong);
          else
            ival = va_arg(ap, longlong);
        } else {
          if (*format == 'u')
            uval = va_arg(ap, unsigned int);
          else
            ival = va_arg(ap, int);
        }

        {
          char buff[22];
          const int base = (*format == 'x' || *format == 'p') ? 16 : 10;
          char *val_as_str =
              (*format == 'u')
                  ? my_safe_utoa(base, uval, &buff[sizeof(buff) - 1])
                  : my_safe_itoa(base, ival, &buff[sizeof(buff) - 1]);

          /*
            Strip off "ffffffff" if we have 'x' format without 'll'
            Similarly for 'p' format on 32bit systems.
          */
          if (base == 16 && !have_longlong && ival < 0) val_as_str += 8;

          while (*val_as_str && to < end) *to++ = *val_as_str++;
          continue;
        }
      }
      case 's': {
        const char *val = va_arg(ap, char *);
        if (!val) val = "(null)";
        while (*val && to < end) *to++ = *val++;
        continue;
      }
    }
  }
  *to = 0;
  return to - start;
}

size_t my_safe_snprintf(char *to, size_t n, const char *fmt, ...) {
  size_t result;
  va_list args;
  va_start(args, fmt);
  result = my_safe_vsnprintf(to, n, fmt, args);
  va_end(args);
  return result;
}

size_t my_safe_printf_stderr(const char *fmt, ...) {
  char to[512];
  size_t result;
  va_list args;
  va_start(args, fmt);
  result = my_safe_vsnprintf(to, sizeof(to), fmt, args);
  va_end(args);
  my_write_stderr(to, result);
  return result;
}

void my_safe_print_system_time() {
  char hrs_buf[3] = "00";
  char mins_buf[3] = "00";
  char secs_buf[3] = "00";
  const int base = 10;
#ifdef _WIN32
  SYSTEMTIME utc_time;
  long hrs, mins, secs;
  GetSystemTime(&utc_time);
  hrs = utc_time.wHour;
  mins = utc_time.wMinute;
  secs = utc_time.wSecond;
#else
  /* Using time() instead of my_time() to avoid looping */
  const time_t curr_time = time(nullptr);
  /* Calculate time of day */
  const long tmins = curr_time / 60;
  const long thrs = tmins / 60;
  const long hrs = thrs % 24;
  const long mins = tmins % 60;
  const long secs = curr_time % 60;
#endif

  my_safe_itoa(base, hrs, &hrs_buf[2]);
  my_safe_itoa(base, mins, &mins_buf[2]);
  my_safe_itoa(base, secs, &secs_buf[2]);

  my_safe_printf_stderr("---------- %s:%s:%s UTC - ", hrs_buf, mins_buf,
                        secs_buf);
}
