- **Main binary explanatory variable**: Opposition parties autonomy (`v2psoppaut` in V-Dem). This is an ordinal variable with these possible values:

-  > - 0: Opposition parties are not allowed.
-  > - 1: There are no autonomous, independent opposition parties. Opposition parties are either selected or co-opted by the ruling regime.
   > - 2: At least some opposition parties are autonomous and independent of the ruling regime.
