# Citings — Reasoning

## Primary

- Peirce, C. S. (1878). "Deduction, Induction, and Hypothesis." *Popular Science Monthly* 13: 470–482. The trichotomy.
- Peirce, C. S. (1931–1958). *Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce* (8 vols). Harvard University Press.
- Frege, G. (1879). *Begriffsschrift, eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des reinen Denkens*. Halle. Formal inference; premise and conclusion.
- Aristotle. *Prior Analytics* (~350 BCE). Syllogism, validity, soundness.
- Gentzen, G. (1935). "Untersuchungen über das logische Schließen." *Mathematische Zeitschrift* 39: 176–210, 405–431. Natural-deduction inference rules.
- Polya, G. (1954). *Patterns of Plausible Inference* (Vol. II of *Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning*). Princeton University Press. Plausible vs demonstrative reasoning; analogy.
- Gentner, D. (1983). "Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy." *Cognitive Science* 7(2): 155–170.

## Supporting

- Hume, D. (1748). *An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding*. Induction and causation.
- Mill, J. S. (1843). *A System of Logic*. Induction; methods of agreement and difference; evidential reasoning.
- Carnap, R. (1950). *Logical Foundations of Probability*. University of Chicago Press. Confirmation theory.
- Popper, K. (1934). *Logik der Forschung* (translated as *The Logic of Scientific Discovery*, 1959). Hypothesis and falsification.
- Tarski, A. (1936). "Über den Begriff der logischen Folgerung." *Actes du Congrès International de Philosophie Scientifique* 7: 1–11. Logical consequence and validity.
- Hilbert, D., & Ackermann, W. (1928). *Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik*. Springer. Hilbert-style axiom systems.
- Prawitz, D. (1965). *Natural Deduction: A Proof-Theoretical Study*. Almqvist & Wiksell. Systematic rule catalog.

## Substrate-grounding literature

- Gruber, T. (1993). "A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications." *Knowledge Acquisition* 5(2): 199–220. §5 KAS — "ontology = formally-named relations" — grounds the "every concept is named" requirement for reasoning concepts.
